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Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Male anatomy - epididymis

A

Sperm passes through this to the vas deferns.

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2
Q

Male anatomy - urethra

A

Tube that connects the urinary bladder to the uribary meatus, urine & semen come out

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3
Q

Male anatomy - testicles

A

Two oval organs that produce sperm.

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4
Q

Male anatomy - erectile tissue

A

any tissue that us capable of stiffening and filling with blood.

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5
Q

Male anatomy - prostate

A

walnut sized gland located between the bladder and penis.

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6
Q

Male anatomy - seminal vesicle

A

produce about 70% of the semen.

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7
Q

Male anatomy - vas deferens

A

the duct which conveys sperm from the testicle to the urthera.

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8
Q

Female anatomy - fallopian tubes

A

a pair of tubes along which eggs travel from ovaries to uterus.

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9
Q

Female anatomy - fimbriae

A

small, finger like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes, through which eggs move from the ovaries to the uterus.

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10
Q

Female anatomy - ovary

A

produces an ovum.

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11
Q

Female anatomy - ovarian ligament

A

a fibrous ligament that connects the ovary to the lateral surface of the uterus.

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12
Q

Female anatomy - cervix

A

the lower part of the uterus in the human female reproductive system.

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13
Q

Female anatomy - endometrium

A

the mucous mebrame lining the uterus.

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14
Q

Female anatomy - vagina

A

connects the uterus to the outside world.

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15
Q

Female anatomy - uterus

A

once the egg has left the ovary, it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining.

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16
Q

Sex hormones: Female - estrogen

A

known as the “female hormone” because women have more of it.
Made in the ovaries, adrenal glands, and fat cells.
Levels are higher of those within reproductive age (younger).
Promotes growth of uterine lining.
helps prevent bone loss.
helps maintain good cholesterol levels.

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17
Q

Sex hormones: Male - estrogen

A

made as a by-product of testosterone (small amount)
when fat cells increase, more tesosterone is converted into estrogen.
too much estrogen can cause fatigue, loss of muscle tone, increased risk of heart disease, and more fat in the breast area.

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18
Q

Sex hormones: Female - testosterone

A

Made in ovaries and adrenal glands
Helps to promote musculoskeletal tone and strength as well as raise energy levels.
If levels are too high, it can lead to acne, facial hair, polycycstic ovaries, and aggression.

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19
Q

Sex hormones: Male - testosterone

A

Produced in the testicle and in the adrenal glands
Helps to build muscle tone, increase energy, and aids in sperm production.
Levels decline with age and high stress levels.

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20
Q

Sex hormones: Female - progesterone

A

Made in ovaries through ovulation
Helps the body use fat for energy and prevents bloating, calms the body, promotes restful sleep, and protects against breast and uterine cancer.
Prevents PMS, irregular cycles, and hot flashes.

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21
Q

Sex hormones: Male - progesterone

A

Produced in testicles and adrenal glands.
Helps to calm the body, promote restful sleep, helps the body use fat for energy, and protects against prostate enlargement.
Energy and strength are improved with the right levels.

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22
Q

LH definition

A

Lutenizing Hormone

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23
Q

FSH definition

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

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24
Q

The menstrual cycle - how it works (12 answers)

A

The brain releases FSH into the bloodstream.

FSH reaches the ovary and signals for it to begin developing follicles.

The developing follices produce estrongen and release it into the bloodstream.

Estrogen reaches the uterus and brain.

The uterine lining begins to thicken and the brain produces and releases LH into the blood stream.

LH reaches the ovary and caues a mature follicle to release an egg. (ovulation)

Once egg is released, Lh signals the empty follicle to develop into the corpus luteum.

The corpus luteum produces progesterone and some estrogen nd releases it into the bloodstream.

Progesterone reaches the uterus and brai, thickening the endometrium even more. The brain stops producing FSH and LH to stop another egg from releasing.

Once the corpus luteum begins to disintegre=ate, the progesterone level in the body decreases.

The thick ednometrium breaks down and must be shed from the body along with the unfertilized egg in a process called menstruation.

Once the progesterone level has decreased enough, the cycle repeats.

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25
Q

Steps to human development

A

1) Fertilization
2) Conception
3) Blastocyst
4) Implantation
5) Fetus
6) Birth

26
Q

Fertilization

A

If sperm enters an ovum in the fallopian tubes, fertilization occurs.
A haploid sperm meets a haploid egg to make a diploid zygote.

27
Q

Conception

A

Once an egg has been fertilized, it closes off for other sperm.
The fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tubes and into the uterus.

28
Q

Blastocyst

A

As the egg is travelling, it is undergoing mitosis, creating a hollow ball of cells called a blastocycst.

29
Q

Implantation

A

Blastocycst (now an embryo) is embedded into the endometrium (uterine wall) where it will get its nutrients until the placenta forms.

30
Q

Fetus

A

Fetus recieves nutrients from the placenta as it grows for about 9 months.

31
Q

Birth

A

Oxytocin is released, causing contractions to begin.
Causes water to break - as soon as this happens, the baby needs to be removed.
Cervix must dialate to 10cm.
Active pushing begins (labour).
Baby exits head first, face down.
If complications occur with dialation of the cervix or other issues, a c-section will be completed.
Episiotomies may also occur (surgical cut to open the vagina).

32
Q

Embryo

A

Amnion - creates amnioic sack.
Chorion - forms the placenta.
Symptoms caused by hormones released due to pregnancy inlude votim, fatigue, aches, tender breasts, etc.

33
Q

Contraceptive Technologies

A

Condoms - male/female
Oral contraceptives - “the pill”
Injectable contraceptives - depo provera
Intrauterine device - IUD
Sterilization - tubes tied, vasectomy

34
Q

Condoms

A

Can be male or female.
Typically made of latec and catches the semen before it enters the vagina.
Male - fits over penis
Female - fits inside the vagina
Prevents STD’s because it is a barrier, much like diaphragms over the cervix.

35
Q

Oral contraceptives

A

Birth control pill
Contains a combination of estrogen and progesterone, which suppress normal ovarian production of hormones and prevents ovulation, keeping the endometrium from thickening.
Tricks the body into not releasing an egg.
Can also refulate menstruation and hormones.

36
Q

Contraceptive injections

A

Contain progesterone in a form called progestin.
Injected into a muscle.
Prevents ovulation.
Thins endometrium.
Prevents implantation even if an egg happens to fertilize.
May need to be injected every 1-3 months.

37
Q

Intrauterine device (IUD)

A

Two different types.
Inserted into the uterus.
Type 1 - contains homrone that is slowly released into the uterus to thin endometrium and thicken the mucous present in the cervix. This mucous prevents sperm from entering.
Type 2 - made of copper which changes inteernal chemistry of the uterus, making sperm survival impossible.

38
Q

Sterilization

A

Permanent.
Male and female versions.
Women - tubal ligation - fallopian tubes are surgically disconnected from the uterus to prevent sperm from meeting the egg.
Men - vasectomy - vas deferns is surgically disconnected, preventing sperm from meeting the egg and doesnt allow sperm in the semen.

39
Q

Causes of infertility in women

A

Ovulatory - woman does not release an egg every month or has poor egg quality.
Tubal - tubal blockages - STI’s/pelvic endometrius
Age

40
Q

Causes of infertility in Men

A

poor sperm quality.

41
Q

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A

Mimicks the design of sexual reproductipn to help produce people with fertility issues concieve.

FSH is admitted in levels higher than naturally occuring hormones - overstimulates ovaries to produce more eggs. Eggs are retrieved right before ovulation. The woman is out as they retrieve her eggs with an aspirating neelde, guided by an ultrsound.
Sperm samples are produced through masterbation.
Eggs are stripped off surrounding cells and prepared in a petri dish.
After this, there are different methods used depending on the situation.

42
Q

Method #1 - IVF

A

Eggs are incubated with 1000’s of sperm and fertilization occurs naturally over a few hours.

43
Q

Method #2 - IVF

A

More likely chances.
Uses a needle to place one sperm inside the egg.
Useful when poor sperm quality is an issue.

44
Q

IVF - after chosen method

A

After fertilization, embryos can be screened for genetic sustainabilty and froxen for later attempts at pregnancy, or delivered into the uterus with a catleter.
They transfer the embryo 3 days after fertilization when the egg has 8 cells, or 5 days after when it becomes a blastocycst with 100’s of cells.

45
Q

IVF - donors

A

If a womans eggs are of poor quality from age or toxic exposure, eggs can be donated from another woman.
If the woman has a problematic or non-existent uterus, another woman known as a surrogate or gestational carrier will carry the pregancy with the other womans eggs.
To increase chances, doctors may insert more than one embryo, which is why IVF results in more twins/triplets than natural ones.

46
Q

Myth or Fact: Sperm swim.

A

Fact

47
Q

Myth or Fact: The testes begin producing sperm at birth.

A

Myth

48
Q

Myth or Fact: Sperm and semen are the same thing

A

Myth

49
Q

Myth or Fact: Each time ejactulation occurs, up to 500 million sperm are released.

A

Fact

50
Q

Myth or Fact: The testes can make 1 500 sperm every second.

A

Fact

51
Q

Myth or Fact: The penis is a muscle.

A

Myth

52
Q

Myth or Fact: Semen and urine come out from the same opening in the male reproductive system.

A

Fact

53
Q

Myth or Fact: Menstrual blood, babies, and urine come out of the same opening.

A

Myth

54
Q

Myth or Fact: Both the male and female reproductive system include a prostate.

A

Myth

55
Q

Myth or Fact: Both the male and the female reproductive system include a scrotom.

A

Myth

56
Q

Myth or Fact: Both the male and female reproductive system include a urethra.

A

Fact

57
Q

Myth or Fact: The ovaries typically release one egg every month in ovulation.

A

Fact

58
Q

Myth or Fact: The egg only lasts less than 24 hours before dying.

A

Fact

59
Q

Myth or Fact: Sperm can live in the female reproductive system for five days.

A

Fact.

60
Q

Myth or Fact: Identical twins form when 2 sperm fertilize the same egg.

A

Myth

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