Atoms & Elements And Stuff Flashcards
WHMIS
Workplace hazardous materials information system
Condom
Tube of compressed gas
Oxygen tanks
Fire near it can go boom boom
Fire
Flammable and combustible materials
Cleaning supplies
Fire with circle
Oxidizing materials
Can combust randomly with no prompt
Emo skull
Poisonous and infectious materials
Cause immediate affects
Excited T
Poisonous and infections materials
Cause toxic affects over time
☣️
Biohazard materials
Needles
Cool scar guy
Corrosive materials
Chemical burns
Eats anything it touches
Super R
Dangerously Reactive Materials
Matter is made up of…
Pure substances and mixtures
Pure substances are…
Elements and compounds
Mixtures are…
Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
Elements
Found on the periodic table
Compounds
Combinations of elements like H2O
Homogeneous mixtures
Homo- same
Also known as a solution
A mixture that mixes to look like just one thing
Heterogeneous mixtures
Hetero- different
Also known as mechanical mixture
You can see the separate parts of the mixture
Physical properties
A property of matter that can be measured or observed without changing the identity of the matter.
Ex. Colour & lustre, melting point, boiling point, density, solubility, Ductility, crystal shape, conductivity, hardness, texture, malleability.
Property- Colour and Lustre
Lustre is the way a substance reflects light.
Shiny, dull, glossy, glassy, waxy, pearly.
Property- Melting point
The temperature that’s solid turns to a liquid. The same temperature as the freezing point but opposite.
It’s affected by pressure in the atmosphere.
Property- Boiling point
The temp where a liquid changes to a gas.
The same temperature per substance when flipped/condensation.
Property- density
The amount of mass in a given volume, affected by temperature.
25 degreesskes water 1g/ml.
Gold 19g/ml
Property- Solubility
How much of a substance can dissolve in water.
Affected by temp.
Salt is 35g/100mL at 0 degrees.
Property- Ductility
Any substance that can be stretched into a long wire.
Copper.
Property- Crystal Shape
When particles in a substance line up to make a smooth or jagged shape.
Rock mineral
Quartz forms cubes.
Property- Conductivity
Ability of a substance to conduct electricity or heat energy.
Called conductors
Metals, copper, water.
Property- Hardness
Ability to resist being scratched.
1-10
Mineral talc - 1
Diamonds - 10
Property- Texture
Feel of a substance
Surface of a raw gemstone is rough but can be smoothed.
Property- Malleability
Can be pounded or rolled into sheets.
Aluminum or tin.
Chemical properties of matter
A substance and its ability to change into a new substance with different properties.
Reactivity
When two substances get together, smth can happen.
Ex. Iron + oxygen = rust
Oxygen, water, and acid are very highly reactive.
Toxicity
How much a substance can damage an animal, plant, cell, or other organisms.
Ex. Lead, chlorine gas, hydrofluoric acid, mercury.
Combustible/Flammable
Amount of energy released as heat when a substance is burned with oxygen (combustible).
How easily smth will ignite (flammable).
Clues of a chemical change
Absorbs or emits heat
Forms gas when heated
Emits light during reaction
Forms a precipitate (solid) during reaction/ gets thicker.
Combustible
Reacts with other substances like acid or water
New colour appears
The change is irreversible
Water
Density anomaly
Adhesion
Cohesion
Surface tension
High specific heat capacity
Capillary action
Conductor
Water - adhesion
Water molecules are attracted to other things
Water - density anomaly
Solid water is less dense than liquid.
Water- cohesion
Water molecules are attracted to itself (drops)
Water- surface tension
The attraction of water molecules creates a “film” which allows things to float.
Water- high specific heat capacity
Takes a long time to warm or cool
Boiling point - 100 degrees
Melting/freezing point - 0 degrees
Water - capillary action
Ability of water to move up - when plants soak water in at the roots it travels up the plant.
Theory
Not sure but have some evidende
Law
Proven
Atoms
Legos/ blocks to build things in the body
Has a nucleus which contains protons and neutrons and is circled by electrons.
Number of protons determines type of atom.
Protons +, Electrons -, Neutrons o
Molecules
Built from the atom “blocks”
Put together to make things like H2O.
When atoms are put together to make molecules, it forms a covalent bond.
Protons
Positively charged particles in nucleus
Charge of +1
Number of protons determines the element
Neutrons
Neutral particles in nucleus
Charge of 0 and mass of a proton
Electrons
Negatively charged
Orbit the nucleus in the electron cloud
Charge of -1
Chemical properties of atom determined by its electrons
Number of protons equals number of electrons
Isotopes
Atoms of the same elements can have different numbers of neutrons
These are called isotopes
The number of neutrons affects the mass number but not the atomic number
Ions
When atoms lose electrons, they become positively charged because there’s more protons than electrons
When an atom gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged
Negatively charged atoms are called anion or negative ions
Neutrons =
Mass - atomic number
Group 1 - periodic table
Alkali metals
1 electron in outer shell
Easily lose the valence (outside) electrons
React with water
Group 2 - periodic table
Alkaline earth metals
2 electrons in outer shell
Easily lose valence electrons
Harder than alkali metals
Group 7
Halogens
7 electrons in outer shell
Toxic
Top halogen is most reactive
Group 8/Group 18
Nobel gases
More stable
Less reactive
Examples: neon signs, helium balloons, gas in between window panes, lasers, light bulbs, radioactive, propellant
Bonds
Ionic and covalent
Ionic bonds
Metals and non metals
NaCl, CuF2, LiN03
Electrons get stolen
Opposite charges attract
Metals are not greedy so they let their electrons get stolen
Covalent bonds
Non metal and non metal
SO2, H20, C3H8O
Held together because atoms are sharing electrons because they’re greedy and neither one will let them go.
Rows
<—>
All elements in the same row have the same number of atomic orbitals
Ex. Chlorine has three rings and in the 3rd row
Columns (groups)
All elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer ring
The number of electrons in the outer shell controls most chemical properties, meaning these chemicals all have similar properties
Two at the top
Hydrogen and helium
Hydrogen can have talents and electrons of two groups, one and seven. Sometimes it’s missing an electron and sometimes it has an extra
Helium can only have two electrons in its outer shell though it’s grouped with ones who have 8
Metals
88 elements
Found in the left of the staircase
Easily lose electrons
Corrode/ rust
Non metals
Found on right of staircase
Tend to gain electrons
Metaloids
Zigzag line (stairs)
Share properties of both metals and non metals
Diatomic elements
7 elements
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Pure elements
Form molecules containing two atoms
When combined with other elements to make compounds, there are not necessarily two atoms.
Greeks
every atom said to be indivisible
said everything was the same
didn’t have proper technology to prove their theories
Dalton
Indivisible atoms make up materials
said to be a solid sphere
Said the atom was the same throughout the whole thing
Thompson
Discovered electrons
made plum pudding model
said the electrons/negative charge was stuck in the positive “dough”
Rutherford
Discovered the nucleus where the positive charge was held
Bohr
Said electrons are spinning around outside of nucleus
Modern theory
1932-neutrons discovered
electrons buzz around outside
