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Sexual Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What does sexual reproduction involve?

A

Process of making and fusing together of male and female sex cells.

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2
Q

What are the sex cells called?

A

Gametes ( egg and sperm )

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3
Q

What does SR requires?

A

Two parent organisms

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4
Q

Will the offspring be genetically be identical?

A

The offspring will share genes with the parents,

it will not be genetically identical to either of them.

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5
Q

simple term of sexual reproduction

A

two different cells combine, and produce an offspring

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6
Q

cell involved are called

A

Sex cells

Gametes

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7
Q

Female

Male

A

Egg

Sperm

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8
Q

What is fertilization?

A

An egg cell and a sperm cell joined together and new cell formed called zygote

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9
Q

What is the new cell formed called?

A

Zygote

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10
Q

Advances of diverse offspring - animals (1):

A

diverse offspring:

  • Half DNA from mum
  • Half DNA from dad

= individual population have slight differences

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11
Q

Advances of diverse offspring - plants (1):

A
  • Resist diseases

- Traits can develop to resist harsh environments and allow organism to survive

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12
Q

Advances of selective breeding for- animals (2)

A
  • Used to develop many types of plants and animals that have desirable traits
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13
Q

Advances of selective breeding for- farming (2)

A

Agriculture/Farming- better plants, larger animals

Desirable pets

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14
Q

Disadvantages: (4)

A
  • Time & Energy
    need to grow and develop old enough to produce sex cells
  • Search a mate
  • Searching = exposure to diseases, harsh environment, predator
  • Fertilisation cannot take place during pregnancy ( long as 2 years for some )
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15
Q

Disadvantages quick 4

A
  • Time & Energy
  • Mate
  • Searching
  • Fertilisation NO pregnancy
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16
Q

Advantages quick 4 (3)

A
  • diverse offspring
  • selective breeding = desirable traits
  • advantages for farming
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17
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

One parent produce offspring without fertilisation

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18
Q

Uniform offspring

A

Offspring inherit all of their DNA from one parent

GENETICALLY IDENTICAL to each other and parent

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19
Q

Fission: Asexual Reproduction

meaning

& PROCESS

& examples

A

Cell division in prokaryotes that forms two genetically identical cells

  • DNA is copied
  • CM pinches inward the middle
  • Cell split to form 2 uniform/ identical offspring

eg. Bacteria, Ecoli

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20
Q

Fragmentation of Asexual reproduction

example of producing

  • new organism
  • new body parts
A
  • Regeneration: offspring grows from a piece of parent
  • producing new organisms: sea star.
  • body parts: tadpoles, hydra, crabs
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21
Q

Advantages of Asexual Reproduction (4)

A
  • No mate
  • No waste energy or time
  • Organisms rapidly reproduce
  • Uniform offspring
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22
Q

Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

A
  • No genetic variation
    = less survival in harsh condition

-Dangerous mutation in DNA = off spring has it

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23
Q

How does SR work?

A

Meiosis

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24
Q

What is Meiosis

A

process of cell division = 4 cells having half the number of chromosomes as the OG cell

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25
Q

If cell starts with 4 chromosomes meiosis will lead to

A

2 chromosomes in each four cells

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26
Q

What does the egg produced after meiosis do?

A

Egg from female combines with sperm from male

Chromosomes from each parents combine to create new offspring

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27
Q

What does the new offspring have?

A

Full set of chromosomes

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28
Q

Specialised reproductive organ known as?

A

Gonads

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29
Q

Gonads for female and male?

A

F: Ovaries
M: Testes

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30
Q

What cells in the gonads rise the gametes ?

A

Germ cells

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31
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

A single organism have both egg-producing and sperm-producing organs.

eg earthworm & garden snail

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32
Q

Simultaneous ( synchronous ) hermaphrodism

A

Both sperm-producing and egg- producing organs are presented in one organisms

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33
Q

Some fish species found in coral reefs change sex.

They are known as..

A

Sequential hermaphrodites

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34
Q

How many chromosomes does human have?

A

46 chromosomes

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35
Q

Haploid number

A

People have 46 chromosomes. Each gametes give 23 chromosomes.

n=23

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36
Q

What is meiosis the process of?

A

Producing haploid gametes from diploid germ cells

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37
Q

When is chromosomes restored to diploid

A

When egg is fertilised by a sperm

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38
Q

Meiosis in egg formation produce=

A

1 eye (ovum) and polar bodies

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39
Q

Meiosis in sperm formation produce=

A

4 sperms

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40
Q

Nondisjuction

A

When meiosis goes wrong

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41
Q

similarities of AS and S reproduction?

A
  • method of producing off spring

- pass on genetic info

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42
Q

How many process of division in meiosis?

A 
TWO SETS
prophase 1 & 2
metaphase 1 & 2
anaphase 1 & 2
telophase 1 & 2
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43
Q

purpose of meiosis

A

reduce the number of chromosomes by half and to create genetic diversity.

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44
Q

How is genetic diverse

A

homologous chromosome pairs line up and exchange pieces-a process called recombination

Recombination increases genetic diversity by putting pieces of slightly different chromosomes together.

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45
Q

What is stem cells?

A

Unspecialised cells

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46
Q

Two key qualities of stem cells?

A
  1. Self Renewal ( They can continuously divide and replicate )
  2. Potency ; They have the capacity to differentiate into specialised cell types
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47
Q

Two things stem cells can become

A
  • More stem cells

- Specialised cells

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48
Q

How are bone, nerve etc cells produced

A

Embryonic stem cells and adult somatic stem cell both cultured in a laboratory

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49
Q

Procedure of embryonic stem cells ( 1 of ingredient for other cells )

A

Stem cells removed from inner cell mass of blastocyst

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50
Q

Procedure of Adult (somatic ) stem cell ( 2 of ingredient for other cells )

A

Stem cells removed from umbilical-cord blood and bone marrow

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51
Q

What cells are created with the embryonic stem cell and adult (somatic ) cell

A

Bone cell
Nerve cells
Skin cells
Blood cells

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52
Q

Four types of stem cells ( in order ) of human development

A
  1. Totipotent
  2. Pluripotent
  3. Multipotent
  4. Unipotent
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53
Q

Totipotent

A

Form any cell type

and extra embryonic tissue ( zygote)

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54
Q

Pluripotent

A

Form any cell type

Embryonic stem cell

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55
Q

Multipotent

A

Differentiate into a number of closely related cell type

haematopoeitic adult stem cell

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56
Q

Unipotent

A

CAN NOT DIFFERENTIATE

Capable of self renewal

eg, muscle stem cell

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57
Q

Totipotent examples

A

Sperm
Morula
Blastocyst

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58
Q

Pluripotent examples

A

Inner mass cells

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59
Q

Multipotent / Unipotent examples

A

digestive tissue, nervous tissue, cardiac tissue

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60
Q

Some uses for stem cell therapy

  1. Skin cells
  2. Bone Marrow
  3. Nerve cell
  4. Retinal cells
A

Skin cellls: Burn victims

Bone Marrow: Chemo, leuk

Nerve : Parkinsion’s paralysis

Retinal: Blindness

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61
Q

What does stem cell are undifferentiated meaning?

A

Do not have a specific job or function

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62
Q

Regenerative medicine

A

Stem cell used to replace damaged bodily tissues

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63
Q

Why do scientists and doctors want to use stem cells?

A

To help understand how the body works.

See how stem cells develop into tissue to understand the process of how body uses to create new tissues in a controlled and regulated way.

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64
Q

What are three types of a stem cell?

A
  • Embryonic stem cells
  • Adult stem cell

Induced- pluripotent stem cell ( IPSCs )

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65
Q

What is the ethical controversy over using human embryonic stem cells for research?

A

People against embryonic stem cell research argue that using and destroying embryos shows a lack of respect for the value and dignity of life.

Adult stem cells = bette r as there’s consent

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66
Q

How are most embryos obtained?

A

By using the unused embryos from IVF treatments.

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67
Q

What is the difference between a totipotent stem cell and a pluripotentstem cell?

A

totipotent = totally powerful

  • become any cell
  • in iso = become a human

-within four days of fertilisation = cell splits forming tissue of the fetus = no longer totipotent

now plluripotent = increeasingly loss their plasticity

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68
Q

What is the difference between a pluripotentstem cell and a multipotentstem cell?

A

less plastic == multipotent
- able to become small and limited selection of related cell types

  • is able an adult stem cell
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69
Q

What does IPSCs stand for and what are they?

A

Induced - pluripotent Stem cells

are from specilaised adult somatic cells ( NOT GAMETES ) which are reprogammed to act like pluripotent embryonic stem cells.

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70
Q

Name two potential uses of using IPSCs?

A
  • allow custom tailoring of stem cells therapies to individual patients
  • benefit drug testing, thus testing on human tissues made from IPSCS IS GOOD alternative, accurate results = no animal harmed
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71
Q

What is longer embryo stage of development or the foetus stage.

A

The foetus stage

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72
Q

What is different between MITOSIS and the FIRST division of MEIOSIS?

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up

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73
Q

In what stage of Meiosis does the DNA become visible?

A

Prophase I and Prophase II

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74
Q

What carries mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra for ejaculation?

A

Vas Deferens

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75
Q

Which organ provides the site for a blastocyst to implant and develop into a foetus?

A

Uterus

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76
Q

What is it called when a sperm and egg meet?

A

fertilization

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77
Q

Meiosis is the process to make what kind of cells?

A

Gametes

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78
Q

The chromosomes that pair up during meiosis, are called __________ chromosomes.

A

homologous

79
Q

What causes genetic variation in meiosis?

A

crossing over of chromosomes

80
Q

What is one of the advantages, why is it better to reproduce sexually versus asexually?

A

genetic variation

81
Q

Chromosomes exchange genetic material during the “crossing over” stage of meiosis, called:

A

recombination

82
Q

A human being has a somatic cell that has 46 chromosomes. What is the haploid number found in a gamete?

A

23

83
Q

Which part of the flower collects pollen for fertilization?

A

Stigma

84
Q

Which part of the flower produces male gametes (pollen)?

A

Anther

85
Q

What organ stores and releases ovums (eggs)?

A

Ovary

86
Q

These two organs produce sperm in the scrotum.

A

Testes

87
Q

What is the correct order of development of a fertilised cell?

A

zygote, blastocyst, embryo, fetus

88
Q

Stem cells can come from either embryos OR adult cells.

A

True

89
Q

Differences of Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Make genetically identical offspring
  • Relatively quick
  • One parent
  • Less energy
90
Q

Differences of Sexual Reproduction

A
  • Makes genetically different offspring
  • Takes longer
  • Two parents
  • More energy, more risks
91
Q

SAME of AS AND S

A

Method of making offsprings

Pass on genetic information

92
Q

How many chromosomes does a cell have in a human body ?

A

46

93
Q

How many chromosomes in a sex cell?

A

23

94
Q

How does baby choromsomes work?

A

23 chromo from mother
23 chromo from father

= 46 chromo = 2 sets

95
Q

How many cycles of cell division in meisos?

A

2 ( Meisos 1 and Meisos 2 )

96
Q

Stages of both cycles

A

( Meisos 1 and Meisos 2 )

Prophase 1 and 2
Metaphase 1 and 2
Anaphase 1 and 2
Telophase 1 and 2

97
Q

Process of meiosis ( before devision ) :

A

Duplicates its DNA before cell division begins ( prophase )

Each single strand of chromosomes become double stands of chromosomes

98
Q

Prophase 1

A
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Join together in homologous pairs
  • Each pair contains one chromo from father and one from mother - different copies of same genes
  • Genes are swapped with each pair through process called “crossing over” = helps with genetic variation

Nucleus begins to break down

99
Q

Metaphase 1

A

The pairs of chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Fibres attach to the chromosomes to two bodies on opposite side of the cells

100
Q

Anaphase 1

A

The fibres seperate the pairs by pulling them apart

101
Q

Telophase 1

A

Two nuclei form and then the cell splits into two cells = each has 24 double stand of chromo

102
Q

Meiosis (II)

A

Each cell will divide again to form FOUR cells with 23 single stranded chromosomes

103
Q

Prophase (II)

A

NOW THEY ARE TWO DAUGHTER CELLS, with 23 chromosomes

Chromosomes condenses and nucleus breaks down.

104
Q

Metaphase (II)

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

105
Q

Anaphase (II)

A

Fibres pull single-stranded chromosomes apart

106
Q

Telophase (II)

A

Neceuli form and finally cell divides

NOW HAS FOUR SEX CELLS

107
Q

Info about the FOUR SEX CELLS PRODUCED BY MEISOS

A

genetically different to EACH OTHER and ORIGINAL cell

108
Q

What do the four sex cells contain??

A

Half the original amount of genetic information

109
Q

What is the four sex cells called

A

HAPLOIDS

110
Q

IN MALE these four sex cells are

A

Sperm cells

111
Q

IN FEMALE these four sex cells are

A

One of the cells in an egg cell while the other three are polar bodies

( small cells that do not develop into eggs )

112
Q

Symbol with haploid and diploid

A 
haploid= n
diploid = 2n
113
Q

What type of cells does mitosis and meiosis happen in

A

Mitosis : Somatic cells

Meiosis : Sex cells

114
Q

Chromosomes in meiosis compare to mitosis

A

Meiosis : chromosomes number remains the same

Mitosis : chromosomes number is halved in each daughter cell

115
Q

WHY IS STRAWBERRIES CAN BE A SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONS

A

Insect pollinators visit strawberry flowers. Pollen from one flower joins the egg of another to form seeds that cover the strawberry fruit.

116
Q

How can trees be both s and as

A

rely on wind for pollination

new trees also sprout from roots

117
Q

Which part of the cell determines what traits of the parents are passed to the offspring?

A

Chromosomes

118
Q

What needs to happen to chromosomes, before meiosis can begin?

A

The chromosomes in the parent cell are copied

119
Q

How does meiosis ensure that a child will have traits from both parents?

A

The sperm and egg combine to form offspring, each will contribute half the normal amount of chromosomes.

120
Q

Human body cells have 46 chromosomes, how many sex cells are there?

A

Two

121
Q

What does each sex cell contain?

A

Half the genetic information.

122
Q

When two human body sex cells join, what happens to the number of chromosomes in the new cell?

A

At the end of this reduction division, each daughter cell receives only one homologous chromosome from each pair, ending up with one set.

123
Q

M and M

Is the parent cell haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid for both

124
Q

M and M

Are daughter cells haploid or diploid?

A

Mitosis: Diploid

Meiosis : Hyploid

125
Q

M and M

In humans, # of chromosomes at the end of division?

A

Mitosis: 46
Meiosis: 23

126
Q

M and M

In what type of cells does the division occur?

A

Mitosis: Body Cell somatic cells

Meiosis: Reproductive cells
gametes

127
Q

Purpose of crossing over

A

The crossing over recombines the homologous chromosomes so that the output cells or gametes will carry a different combination of genetic information from the input germ cell.

128
Q

Define Fertilisation

A

It is the fusion of gametes to form a new organism of the same species.

129
Q

Define Gamete

A

( egg + sperm ) Are haploid = they have a single set of DNA only.

130
Q

Define Sperm

A

Male reproductive cell.

131
Q

Define Ovum

A

A mature female reproductive cell, which can be divided to give rise to an embryo usually after fertilisation by a male cell.

132
Q

Define Zygote

A

Starts dividing, the single cell becomes subdivided into smaller cells.

133
Q

TWO TYPES OF fertilisation

A

Internal

External

134
Q

ADVANTAGES of External fertilisation

A

Little energy to mate
Large no. offsprings
Offspring spread widely = less competition

135
Q

ADVANTAGES of INTERNAL fertilisation

A
  • Egg is protected from dehydrated land
  • The embryo is isolated within the female = limits predators
  • Survival rate is higher
  • Enhances fertilisation from males
136
Q

DISADVANTAGES of External fertilisation

A

Many gametes go unfertilised

Offspring often do not protect their parents

137
Q

DISADVANTAGES of INTERNAL fertilisation

A

Harder to bring both male and female into intimate contract.

Limited amount of offsprings being produced at any given time.

138
Q

why external fertilisation is far more common in aquatic animals than in terrestrial animals.

A

sperm need a watery environment to swim to an egg, external fertilisation is limited to animals that either live in aquatic environments or reproduce in a watery environment.

139
Q

two energy costs of sexual reproduction that are not present in asexual reproduction.

A

Internal fertilisation = FINDING, ATTRACTING, SECURING FEMALE MATE

External fertilisation = PRODUCING LARGE NO. OF GAMETES IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE CHANGE OF FERTILISATION

140
Q

r-selected species have:

A

A high growth rate but low survivability (“cheap” offspring)

141
Q

K-selected species have:

A

Low growth rate but high survivability (“expensive” offspring)

142
Q

features of r-selected

A
  • unstable environment
  • little parental care
  • early onset maturity
  • MANY OFFSPRING
  • HIGH MORTALITY
  • VARIETY OF OFFSPRING BODY
143
Q

features of K-selected

A
  • stable environment
  • high parental care
  • late onset maturity

-LOW OFFSPRING
LOW RATE OF OFFSPRING MORALITY
-OFFSPRING BODY LARGER

144
Q

LABEL VAGINAL DIAGRAM

A

PIC ON UR LAPTOP

145
Q

Role of vagina

A

Passageway for sperm and menstrual

146
Q

Role of Cervix

A

Opening of the uterus

147
Q

Role of Ovaries

A

Produce and release female gametes ( egg) and sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone

148
Q

Role of Fallopian Tube

A

Site of fertilisation, eggs go to the uterus

149
Q

Role of Uterus

A

Supported by various ligaments laterally by the mesometrium.

organ provides the site for a blastocyst to implant and develop into a foetus?

150
Q

Role of Bladder

A

Store urine

151
Q

Role of Protat gland

A

Produce fluid that go into seman

152
Q

Role of Penis

A

Male sex organ, deliver sperm

153
Q

Role of Utertra

A

Urine and sperm come out

154
Q

Role of Vasdeferens

A

transports mature sperm to the urethra

What carries mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra for ejaculation?

155
Q

Role of Testical

A

Responsible for making sperm and involved in producing a hormone called testosterone

156
Q

Role of Scrotum

A

It is a sac of skin that hangs from the body at the front of the pelvis, between the legs. It protects the testicles and major blood vessels, and tubes that release sperms from the testicles.

157
Q

label male reproductive system

A

diagram on laptop

158
Q

What does an epidemiologist do?

A

Specialise in birth defects, to diagnose patients.

159
Q

When can birth defects occur

A

Throughout the course of embryo and foetal development

160
Q

Birth defects can be a result of:

A

genetics, lifestyle choices and behaviors, exposure to certain medications and chemicals, infections during pregnancy and a combination of these factors.

161
Q

What week is the MOST COMMON SITE of birth defects

A

Week 6, 7, 8 ( the embryonic phrase )

162
Q

The Thalidomide Story

A

A drug taken by women, It was later realised that there was a very strong link between the drug and birth defects

(10,000 babies born worldwide with no limbs, only 50% survived)

TAKEN 20TH DAY OF PREGENANCY = CENTRAL BRAIN DAMAGE

21: DAMAGE EYES
22: EARS AND FACE
24: ARMS
28: LEGS

Thalidomide did not damage the foetus if taken after 42 days gestation.

163
Q

Time period of FIRST TRIMESTER

A

1 day to 12 weeks FIRST THREE MONTHS

PERIOD OF RAPID GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

164
Q

Time period of SECOND TRIMESTER

A

16 weeks – 26 weeks

165
Q

Time period of THIRD TRIMESTER

A

28 weeks – 40 weeks

166
Q

By the end of the first trimester

A

Baby’s organs will be formed and functioning

167
Q

What happens in the first trimester

A

2 weeks: The baby, called embryo develops and mestrual period is missed

4 weeks: Beginning of embryo: eyes, ears, nose, spine, digestive tract, and nervous system

tube for future heart starts beating

8 weeks: Baby called fetus, has full organs, heart is functioning, bones begin to function

12 weeks: tooth bud present
fingernails and toe nails forming
baby heart beat might be here

168
Q

During the second trimester, what CANT HAPPEN

A

Fetus cannot live outside of the body because its lungs, heart and blood systems have NOT DEVELOPED YET

169
Q

What happens in the SECOND trimester

A

month 3 - 6 brain develops a lot

week 16: face starts to look more human, hair, ears stand out, movement might be felt

17 week: eyebrows and eyelashes appear. baby’s skin is shiny, baby’s first stool appear

24 week: sweat gland forms , red and wrinkled skin, early breathing, lungs expand

26 weeks: baby’s outline felt through abdomen, eyes may open

170
Q

During the third trimester, what HAPPEN

A

month 6-9.

baby could survive if born before full term, but would need special care

171
Q

What happens in the THIRD trimester

A

28 weeks: skin less wrinkled and red. baby can hear and respond

32 weeks: skin is pink, develop taste, aware of sound , pupils react to light

36 weeks: body round and pump

40 weeks : hair is present, testicles of male babies now in the scrotum, baby full term

172
Q

Embryonic phrase

Fetal growth phrase

A

week 1 to 8

week 12 to 38

173
Q

Plant can reproduce sexually

A

Cones –> contain reproductive structures

174
Q

What is the male and female cones

A

Female cones: produces ovules

Male cones: smaller and not visible, produce pollen (visible powder )

175
Q

When ovules fertilises with pollen =

A

becomes A SEED

176
Q

what events occur during prophase 1 in meiosis

A

crossing over homologous chromosomes

177
Q

what happens in anaphase ii

A

seperation of sister chromatids occur

178
Q

if someone had the same length, centromere position and bandnig pattern when stained, they are called

A

homologous

179
Q

skin cancer is caused by

A

uncontrolled cell division in an area of skin

180
Q

what happens in metaphase

A
  1. Replicated chromosomes attach by centromeres to spindle fibres.
  2. Replicated chromosomes line up across the equator of the cell.
181
Q

what happens in Interphase

A
  1. Can’t see the chromosomes

2. Nuclear membrane is visible

182
Q

what happens in Anaphase

A
  1. Spindle fibres shorten/retract to opposite ends of the cell.

  2. Sister chromatids of separate at centromeres.
  3. Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.

183
Q

How many copies of each gene does a human have for:
autosomal

and

X-chromosome

A

Two: autosomal

Two copies on X chromosome in females, one copy in males.

184
Q

cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive

A

That two parents who did not have the disease, but produced an offspring that does shows that it must be a recessive disease and the parents were carriers of the allele.

185
Q

style in a flower

A

This is the name for the stalk of the pistil.

186
Q

pistil in flower

A

The ovule producing part of a flower

187
Q

filament in flower

A

The function of the filament is simply to hold up the anther, extending it up to an accessible part of the flower for pollinators reach, or for the wind to disperse the pollen.

188
Q

petal in flower

A

Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of flowers.

189
Q

male part in flower

A

stamen which has anther and filament

190
Q

female part in flower

top to bottom

A

pistil which has stigma, style, ovary, ovule

191
Q

ways of pollination

A

Strategies and adaptations for pollination (insect, wind, water)

192
Q

two stages for prenatal development

A

embryonic stage and fetal stage

193
Q

when does fetal and embryonic take place

A

fetal: week 12 to 38
embryonic: fertilisation of egg to week 8 of development

194
Q

Abnormal development causes of birth defects

A

heart defects.
cleft lip/palate.
Down syndrome.
spina bifida.

Biology (7 decks)

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