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Energy Transformation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What can’t energy do?

A

Energy can not be created or destroyed.

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2
Q

What happens with energy?

A

It changes from one form into another like kinetic (moving) —> energy into electrical energy.

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3
Q

How can cells carry out activities?

A

They must obtain energy in a form they can change into the chemical energy of ATP.

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4
Q

What is Autotroph?

A

the PRODUCERS “self-feeding”

Produce their own food for energy. Make their own organic molecules from inorganic sources. Use either PHOTOSYNTHESIS OR CHEMOSYNTHESIS.

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5
Q

What is Heterotroph?

A

the CONSUMERS “other feeding”

Eat other organisms to get protein and energy. Obtain organic molecules from other organisms.

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6
Q

Example of food chain of both Autotroph and Heterotroph?

A

Sun —> Grass (PhotoS) —> Grasshopper —> Toad

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7
Q

Examples of Autotroph?

A

Plant, some bacteria, algae

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8
Q

Example of Heterotroph?

A

Animals, most bacteria, fungi

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9
Q

Two organisms classified as:

A

Autotroph & Heterotroph

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10
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Plants energy source

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11
Q

How do plants make glucose?

A

When plants have light, water and carbon dioxide, they can make glucose in their green parts, such as leaves.

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12
Q

Process of chemical energy in plants?

A

They trap the energy of the sunlight and convert it into chemical energy - the bonds of glucose.

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13
Q

What is the process of photosynthesis?

A

This process involves phototrophs converting light energy into chemical energy like the bonds of glucose which is later used to fuel cellular activities. Inside the plant cell are small organelles called chloroplasts, which store the energy of sunlight.The chemical energy is stored in the form of sugars, which are created from water, carbon dioxide and sunlight from air and soil. This process is controlled by enzymes.

The plant then releases the oxygen back into the air, and stores energy within the glucose molecules. Chlorophyll.

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14
Q

Quick summary of photosynthesis?

A

Takes in sunlight, H2O and CO2 —> C6H12O6 (glucose) and H2O

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15
Q

What is Chlorophyll?

A

The leaves of plants are green because they contain large amount of the green pigment chlorophyll.

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16
Q

Where can chlorophyll be found in?

A

Chlorophyll is contained in organelles called chloroplast which are similar structure to mitochondria.

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17
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place in?

A

Chloroplast

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18
Q

How does photosynthesis occur in chloroplast?

A

Light energy is trapped by the chlorophyll and used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.

Hydrogen then combines with the carbon dioxide to make GLUCOSE. (CHO with sixes )

Oxygen is released into the atmosphere as a WASTE PRODUCT.

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19
Q

OVERALL reaction of photosynthesis :

A

Carbon Dioxide (6CO2) + Water (6H2O) —-> light energy —-> Glucose (C6H1206) + (OXYGEN) 6O2

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20
Q

What is photosynthesis sometimes called?

A

“Carbon Fixation” because carbon from the air is converted into organic molecules

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21
Q

Production of organic molecules

A

Synthesis of organic molecules requires energy

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22
Q

What does photosynthesis and synthesises what?

A

In photosynthesis, chloroplasts use sunlight to synthesise the carbohydrate glucose.

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23
Q

What is glucose?

A

Sugar. The ultimate source of chemical energy for almost all organisms.

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24
Q

Photosynthesis takes place in two stage

A
  • The light dependent reactions : Light Reaction

- Calvin cycle : Dark reaction ( Light independent reaction ) - does not ACTUALLY occur in the dark

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25
Q

Light Reaction:

A

Light reaction is the first stage of photosynthesis process in which solar energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes.

The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place

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26
Q

Why is Calvin cycle called the dark reaction?

A

The Calvin cycle is also called the dark reactions or light-independent reactions because it’s the part that doesn’t need energy from the sun to happen. They don’t need photons but they need the BYPRODUCTS and light reaction ( dependent light ) for it to provide ATP and NADPH.

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27
Q

Calvin cycle

A

The Calvin cycle, light-independent reactions, is a process that plants and algae use to turn carbon dioxide from the air into sugar, the food autotrophs need to grow. Plants depend on the Calvin cycle for energy and food. Although it can happen during the day, this process does not require energy from the sun to work.

28
Q

Life is dependent on?

A

Flow of energy

29
Q

Why is the sun so important?

A

The sun is the ultimate source of energy for all cellular processes of all living things.

30
Q

What are the TWO autotrophs?

A
  • Photoautotrophs

- Chemoautotraphs

31
Q

What is Photoautotrophs?

A

Part of autotrophs:

Make their organic compounds using energy from the sun. - by photosynthesis

32
Q

What is Chemoautotraphs?

A

Part of autotrophs:

Make their organic compounds by oxidising chemicals by chemosynthesis.

33
Q

What are the THREE heterotrophs?

A
  • Consumers
  • Detritivores
  • Saprotrophs
34
Q

What is Consumers?

A

Part of heterotrophs:

Ingest organic which is living or recently died. EXAMPLE: Herbivores, carnivores, scavengers.

35
Q

What is Detritovores?

A

Part of heterotrophs:

Ingest non-living organic matter. EXAMPLE: Earthworm matter, snails, mites

36
Q

What is Saprotrophs?

A

Part of heterotrophs:

Secrete digestive enzymes and absorbing the product. EXAMPLE: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria.

37
Q

What are euglena?

A

Unicellular organisms classified into the Kingdom Protista, and the Phylum Euglenophyta.

38
Q

Why is euglena so unique?

A

It has chloroplasts and can make their own food by photosynthesis and they can also absorb food from their environment (ponds or puddles.)

39
Q

Features and organelles of euglena?

A
  • Flagellum in the font attached to the reservoir
  • Both autotrophic and heterotrophic
  • Chloroplast
  • Eyespot in the front to detect light
  • Stiff pellicle outside cell membrane ( shape )
  • Nucleus and cytoplasm
  • Vacuole to help remove excess water so the euglena take in water due to osmosis so it won’t explode.
40
Q

TWO ways euglena get nutrients?

A

Photosynthesis and absorbing nutrients across the cell. They become heterotrophic when light is not available, and they cannot photosynthesise.

41
Q

Why is cyanide so dangerous?

A

Cyanide prevents the cells of the body from using oxygen. When this happens, the cells die. Oxygen is prevented from acting as an electron acceptor, cellular respiration stops and the energy supply to cells stops.

Blocking one step of cellular respiration stops energy production by cells. Cyanide acts like a block.

42
Q

Why are plants green?

A

Plants absorb all colours except green, which is reflected.

43
Q

How do plants intake carbon dioxide?

A

The stomata, the opening in leaves of plants. CO2 enters here and diffusion into chloroplast.

Water and oxygen leave. ( PLANTS DONT GET WATER FROM STOMATA )

44
Q

Where do plants get water from?

A

Their roots

45
Q

How light is absorbed by chlorophyll?

A

Transmitted light is absorbed into the chlorophyll of chloroplast but green light is reflected out.

46
Q

Photosynthesis process..

A

Process by which autotrophs transform sunlight energy into the chemical energy of sugars, such as glucose.

47
Q

Indepth procedure of Photosynthesis

A

Starts with the capture of sunlight energy by chlorophyll in the chloroplasts that splits water molecules. Sunlight energy is transformed to chemical energy in energy-carrier molecules, including ATP. The energy from ATP is then used to build energy-rich glucose molecules.

Captures sunlight energy ( IN GOES H2O and O2) —> Chemical energy carriers ( ATP ) —> Sugar production (IN CO2 + H2O) —> GLUCOSE

Therefore starts with radiant energy from sunlight and ends with the chemical energy of glucose molecules.

48
Q

Function of the leave:

A
  • Flat shape has high surface area that are exposed to the sunlight.
  • Each photosynthetic cell contains many chloroplasts with chlorophyll that traps the energy of sunlight.
49
Q

Facts about stomata:

A
  • Pores called stomata on the lower leaf surface provide the only access into the leaf for carbon dioxide from the air. Th rest of the leave is covered with a waxy impermeable cuticles that prevent water loss.
50
Q

Function of air spaces:

A

Presence of internal air spaces in leaves enables the ready diffusion of carbon dioxide to photosynthetic cells in the leaf tissue.

51
Q

Function of stems:

A

Xylem vessels transport water and minerals from roots to all parts of a plant.

52
Q

Function of roots:

A

Absorb water.

53
Q

What does sunlight energy do to water.

A

It splits water into hydrogen and oxygen.

54
Q

Where is ATP created in?

A

In mitochondria

55
Q

What happens to glucose that is not used right away?

A

Glucose that is not used right away is packaged as carbohydrates or fats and then stored in the roots, seeds, ad fruits.

56
Q

Examples of heterotrophs using chemical energy from autotrophs.

A

When humans eat potatoes, we are eating carbohydrates that the plant created from the sunlight.

57
Q

Where are most photosynthetic cells in plants found?

A

On leaves

58
Q

What compound can be made from glucose and serves as long term energy storage?

A

Carbohydrates

59
Q

Compare the raw materials of photosynthesis to the products of respiration.

A

Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide while cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide.

60
Q

What can do cellular respiration?

A

PLANTS, ANIMALS, ALGAE, FUNGI

61
Q

What is the function of Thylakoids?

A

Light dependent reactions happen here. It contains chlorophyll and other pigment ( except green) and can be found in stacks of granum.

62
Q

How many membrane surround a chloroplast?

A

TWO ( inner and outer )

63
Q

Thylakoids form stacks called:

A

Granum

64
Q

Stacks of Granum are connected to each other by:

A

Lamellae

65
Q

Where is the stroma?

A

Gel-like surrounding the grana.

66
Q

Leaf disk experiment: Tiny bubbles

A

When you see tiny bubbles forming on the leaf disks during this experiment, you’re actually observing the net production of O2 gas as a byproduct of photosynthesis. Accumulation of O2 on the disks causes them to float. The rate of production of O2 can be affected by the intensity of the light source,

67
Q

Usage of storage by cellular respiration in Leaf disk experiment

A

To use the energy stored by photosynthesis, plants (like all other organisms with mitochondria) use the process of respiration, which is basically the reverse of photosynthesis.

In respiration, glucose is broken down to produce energy that can be used by the cell, a reaction that uses O2 and produces CO2 as a byproduct. Because the leaf disks are living plant material that still require energy, they are simultaneously using O2 gas during respiration and producing O2 gas during photosynthesis. Therefore, the bubbles of O2 that you see represent the net products of photosynthesis, minus the O2 used by respiration.

When you put floating leaf disks in the dark, they will eventually sink. Without light energy, no photosynthesis will occur, so no more O2 gas will be produced. However, respiration continues in the dark, so the disks will use the accumulated O2 gas. They will also produce CO2 gas during respiration, but CO2 dissolves into the surrounding water much more easily than O2 gas does and isn’t trapped in the interstitial spaces.

Biology (7 decks)

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