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Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a gene?

A

Segment of DNA that contains instruction for the production of biological molecules ( such as protein. )m

pretty much codes for a particular typeof protein

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2
Q

What is A T , C G

A

DNA is composed of four different nucleotides.

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3
Q

Where is our DNA stored?

A

Almost all of our DNA is arranged into tightly coiled structures called chromosomes.

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4
Q

Other than the nucleus, where is a small amount of DNA found?

A

mitochondria

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5
Q

What is the ‘genome’?

A

All DNA contained in one cell is called the genome.

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6
Q

How similar is our genome compared to other people?

A

It is a cell which is approx 99.8% identical to every other human.

The 0.2% variation

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7
Q

Nucleotides differ in their sugar component.? true or false

A

The sugar and the phosphate parts are the same in all four nucleotides.

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8
Q

When heating DNA what happens?

A

Each double helical DNA molecule separates ( dissociation ) to form two single chains of DNA.

After cooled down, the DNA return to a double-stranded helix form ( re association )

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9
Q

Why are there pairs A-T and C-G

A

They are complementary base pairing that occur between bases in the two chains of a DNA double helix.

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10
Q

What are the letters called?

A

bases, or nucleotides

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11
Q

Chromatid meaning?

key word to remember:
chromosome independent

A

ONE of the two halves of a replicated chromosome.

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12
Q

Centromere meaning?

A

Middle, an is essential to segregation chromosome during mitosis.

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13
Q

Telomere meaning?

A

End of the chromosome. Consisting of the same short DNA sequence repeated over and over again.

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14
Q

Histone meaning?

A

It provides structural support to a chromosome.

Histone are protein molecules.

Long DNA molecules wrap around histone proteins, giving the chromosome a more compact shape, so DNA can fit into the cell nucleus.

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15
Q

Variation of histone?

A

Some variants of histones are associated with the regulation of gene expression.

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16
Q

allele meaning?

A

An allele is ONE of a pair of genes that appear at a particular location on a particular chromosome and control the same characteristic, such as blood type or colorblindness

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17
Q

Autosome meaning?

A

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

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18
Q

Base Pairs meaning?

A

a pair of complementary bases in a double-stranded nucleic acid molecule,

Cytosine always pairs with guanine, and adenine with thymine (in DNA) or uracil (in RNA).

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19
Q

good soup

A

https://quizlet.com/147075887/ch-13-genomes-genes-alleles-and-chromosomes-ccw-2021-flash-cards/

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20
Q

Cytosine

A

a nitrogenous base that pairs with guanine;

when joined with sugar or phosphate, a component of nucleotides and nucleic acids

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21
Q

thymine

A

a nitrogenous base that pairs with adenine;

when joined with sugar or phosphate, a component of nucleotides and nucleic acids

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22
Q

adenine

A

a nitrogenous base that pairs with thymine; when joined with sugar or phosphate, a component of nucleotides and nucleic acids

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23
Q

Base sequence

A

The order of nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule.

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24
Q

How is length of DNA usually defined?

A

Length is usually defined as the number of base pairs

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25
Q

chromosome

A

Tightly coiled DNA that is in the nucleus of cells

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26
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA

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27
Q

Double helix

A

a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule.

The shape of DNA

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28
Q

dominant

A

A trait that is always expressed if an allele is inherited

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29
Q

what isa gene overgenelised

A

a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring

held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

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30
Q

genomics meaning

A

the branch of molecular biology concerned with the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes.

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31
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

a pair of chromosomes containing a maternal and paternal chromatid joined to together at the centromere.

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32
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.

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33
Q

karyotype

A

the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

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34
Q

gene locus

A

The specific place on a chromosome where a gene is located.

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35
Q

non-disjunction

A

The failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei

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36
Q

nucleic acids

A

a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA,

whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

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37
Q

nucleotide

A

a compound consisting of a sugar bonded to a phosphate group and linked to a nitrogenous base . Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

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38
Q

maternal

A

relating to or derived from the mother

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39
Q

paternal

A

related through the father

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40
Q

proteomics

A

study of the structure and function of proteins in the human body

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41
Q

recessive

A

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele if present

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42
Q

Chromatin

A

Chromatin is a substance within a chromosome consisting of DNA and protein.

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43
Q

when are chromosomes usually tightly coiled

A

usually when a cell is reproducing but usually chromosomes exist in a loose, noodle like structure

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44
Q

what is a chromosome?

A

entire chain of DNA along with a group os stablising proteins

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45
Q

structure of chromosomes throughout cell cycle?

A

interphase: fine threads
metaphase: distinct defined chromosomes

46
Q

10,000 fold difference in size between DNA helix stretched out and the size of a metaphase chromosome - How?

A

Proteins associated with DNA

47
Q

DNA plus Histones

A

Chromatin

48
Q

What does all somatic cels have?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes, or 46 chromosomes

49
Q

how many chromosomes does gametes have

A

egg or sperm have 23 chromosomes

50
Q

what are gametes number called

A

haploids or n

51
Q

what are somatic cell number called

A

diploid or 2n

52
Q

what is karyotype used for

A

detect chromosomal abnormalities in human

53
Q

in karyotype how are chromosomes placed in homologous pairs

A
  • length
  • banding pattern
  • centromere position
54
Q

what is the 23rd pair of chromosome called

A

sex chromosome

55
Q

in karyotype where is the largest chromosome

A

no 1 and smallest is at the end

56
Q

in karyotype where is the largest chromosome

A

no 1 and smallest is at the end

57
Q

What can change in number of chromosome result

A

NON-DISJUNCTION

58
Q

What can change in number of chromosome result

A

NON-DISJUNCTION

59
Q

what is NON-DISJUNCTION

A

chromosome may fail to seperate during meiosis

resulting gametes to have too few or too many chromosomes

60
Q

Down syndrome

A

three 21st chromosome

47 chromo

61
Q

turner syndrome

A

single x chromosome

45 chromo

62
Q

klinefelter syndrome

A

XXY chromosomes

47 chromo

63
Q

abnormality for Down syndrome

A

trisomy 21

64
Q

abnormality for turner syndrome

A

monosomy X

65
Q

abnormality for klinefelter syndrome

A

xxy

66
Q

HOW does structural abnormalities happen

A

large section of DNA are missing or added to a chromosome

67
Q

when is karyotype typically taken

A

right or before metaphase, has two sister chromatid from 1 of two visible in one number

68
Q

what does phrase ‘type of protein refer as ‘

A

the protein can be arranged differently which is called allele

69
Q

What is alleles also

A

different version of a gene

70
Q

homozygous

A

if two alleles ( one from mum and one from dad ) are the same

71
Q

heterozygous

A

if two alleles ( one from mum and one from dad ) are the DIFFERENT

72
Q

IN HETROZYGOUS what is the characteristic of the two alleles

A

one allele is dominant

other is recessive

73
Q

when will recessive be express

A

when it is homozygous recessive

74
Q

genotype

A

collection of alleles we have

so two alleles :
eg.
BB, Bb, bb

75
Q

phenotype

A

characteristics from genotype , so expression of trait

eg. blue eyes or green

76
Q

In rabbits, white fur (W) is dominant to black (w), and long ears (E) are dominant to short ears (e).
A breeder mates two rabbits that are heterozygous (WwEe) for both traits.
What is the chance that the offspring will be black with long ears?

A

3/16​

77
Q

pedigree

A

analysing the inheritance patterns of a trait within a family

78
Q

circle pedigree

A

female

79
Q

square pedigree

A

male

80
Q

coloured pedigree

A

phenotype observed

81
Q

horizontal line

A

marriage line , reproduced

82
Q

horizontal line down

A

sibling line

83
Q

horizontal line on edge

A

marriage to sibling not incest

84
Q

coloured doesnt not always mean

A

FF or ff , observe the patterns of family

85
Q

Blood type A, geno and pheno

A

pheno: Type A

geno:
I^A, I^A
or
I^a, OR I

86
Q

Blood type A,B geno and pheno

A

pheno : type A

geno I^A I^B

87
Q

Type O geno

A

ii

88
Q

dominant and recessive traits are

A

Medeian traits

89
Q

How many phenotypes in incomplete dominance

A

three

90
Q

what is incomplete dominance

A

there isnt a clear dominant allele,

if R is red
r is white

Rr is pink

91
Q

what is co- dominance

A

mix, and speckled

BOTH ARE EXPRESSED

92
Q

POLYGENTIC TRAITS

A

various genes to determine height, skin colour, etc

93
Q

epistasis

A

one gene depends on another gene for it to be expressed

94
Q

epigenetics;

A

doesnt change dna but decides whether some genes are expressed in different cells in your body

95
Q

methyl group

A

little carbon and hydrogen compounds that give outside instructions

96
Q

how does methyl group control genome

A

by binding to a gene and saying “no not express the gene.”

97
Q

histone wrap for expression of gene

A

more loosely = gene express more

tightly = express less

98
Q

methyl and histone function like

A

m: switch
h: knob

99
Q

genome and epigenome

A

genome : does the work

epigenome: tells the genome what to do

100
Q

what is epigenome

A

protein or dna wrapped it have small chemical tags .

the tags attach to the genome of a given cell is epigenome

101
Q

Methylation

A

an alcohol group/molecule that attaches to DNA like a tag, and interferes with how the DNA is read/suppresses the genes from being expressed

102
Q

Difference between genes and alleles

A

A gene is a specific section of a chromosome where the base pairs that code for the characteristic are stored whereas an allele is the actual sequence of the base pairs in the section.

103
Q

DNA Structure

A

DNA is made of chemical building blocks called nucleotides. ACGT

104
Q

Translocation Karyotypes

A

Translocation is a type of chromosomal abnormality in which a chromosome breaks and a portion of it reattaches to a different chromosome.

105
Q

Patterns of Inheritance

A

Autosomal recessive
Autosomal dominance
Incomplete dominance
Codominance

106
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

Autosomal recessive inheritance is a way a genetic trait or condition can be passed down from parent to child.

107
Q

Autosomal dominance

A

Autosomal dominance is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic diseases.

the mutated gene is a dominant gene located on one of the nonsex chromosomes (autosomes).

108
Q

Gene Expression

A

Histone modifications
DNA methylation
Examples; stress, diet etc.

109
Q

What a normal “wild type” Drosophila looks like

A

-wild-type fruit flies have brick-red eyes,
-yellow-brown in color
have transverse black rings across their abdomen
and wings that extend beyond their abdomen

110
Q

How to distinguish between males and females.

A

FEMALE: pointed end, more stripes, wing is longer, abdom is longer

MALE: less stripes, darker end, shorter wings

111
Q

Why they are so commonly used for genetics research.

A
  • similar features to human
  • short life cycle
  • is ethical
  • low chromosome and small genome size

Biology (7 decks)

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