Sexual Dimorphism and Symbiosis Flashcards
Sexual Dimorphism
Difference in form between sexes of the same species
Examples of Sexual Dimorphism
Color, size, ornaments, etc
Other ways to find mates
Tactile, chemical, auditory, visual
Nuptial Gifts
Nutritional supplements provided by the male prior to mating
Spermatophore
Contains sperm and nutrition
Parental care
Males willing to take care of young in order to mate
What reduces the likelihood of a male successfully mating?
Hooked genitalia and spined penises
What creates sperm competition?
Chemical blocking and physical blocking
Examples of physical blocking
Seminal plugs and long sperm
What bug conducts traumatic insemination?
Bedbugs
Why did the photic organs first evolve?
The signal first evolved in larvae as an aposematic signal (signal to deter predators)
What kind of diversity is present in the produced light signals and behavior?
Sexual diversity
How have females taken advantage of these signals?
Females of one species mimic the pattern of another species and eat them. FEMME FATALE
One neutral one happy
Commensalism
One sad one happy
Parasitism
Both happy
Mutualistic
Argentine ants and aphids
Mutualistic
Horizontal transmission
One individual to another individual
An opportunity to associate with symbionts different from that of the parent, possibly allowing for the host to explore a wider range of environmental conditions
Vertical transmission
Parent —-> offspring
Very effective association is selected
Pressure to maintain and increase fitness of association
Which transmission method encourages tighter relationships between symbionts and hosts?
Vertical
What are some consequences of vertical transmission?
Bottleneck effect results in loss of genes
Genome reduction and symbiont
What is an advantage of vertical transmission?
Trust between partners
What are some types of relationships in symbiosis?
1) Nutritional
2) Reproductive
3) Pathogenic
4) Fitness benefits
5) Commensal
6) Vectors of pathogens
Examples of nutritonal
1) Food
2) Digestion
3) Nutritonal metabolism
Examples of reproductive
1) Sex ratio determination
2) Cytoplasmic incompatibility
3) Speciation
Examples of fitness benefits
1) Protection from heat, parasitism, and pathogens
What is Wolbachia an instance of?
Reproductive: Cytoplasmic incompatibility
NON-Wolbachia carrying male and female
Produces viable non Wolbachia carrying offspring
Wolbachia carrying male and non Wolbachia carrying female
Produces NON viable offspring that do not hatch
Wolbachia female and non-Wolbachia male
Produces viable Wolbachia carrying offspring
Two Wolbachia mates
Produces viable Wolbachia carrying offspring
