Sexual Dimorphism and Symbiosis

Question 1

Sexual Dimorphism

Answer 1

Difference in form between sexes of the same species

Question 2

Examples of Sexual Dimorphism

Answer 2

Color, size, ornaments, etc

Question 3

Other ways to find mates

Answer 3

Tactile, chemical, auditory, visual

Question 4

Nuptial Gifts

Answer 4

Nutritional supplements provided by the male prior to mating

Question 5

Spermatophore

Answer 5

Contains sperm and nutrition

Question 6

Parental care

Answer 6

Males willing to take care of young in order to mate

Question 7

What reduces the likelihood of a male successfully mating?

Answer 7

Hooked genitalia and spined penises

Question 8

What creates sperm competition?

Answer 8

Chemical blocking and physical blocking

Question 9

Examples of physical blocking

Answer 9

Seminal plugs and long sperm

Question 10

What bug conducts traumatic insemination?

Answer 10

Bedbugs

Question 11

Why did the photic organs first evolve?

Answer 11

The signal first evolved in larvae as an aposematic signal (signal to deter predators)

Question 12

What kind of diversity is present in the produced light signals and behavior?

Answer 12

Sexual diversity

Question 13

How have females taken advantage of these signals?

Answer 13

Females of one species mimic the pattern of another species and eat them. FEMME FATALE

Question 14

One neutral one happy

Answer 14

Commensalism

Question 15

One sad one happy

Answer 15

Parasitism

Question 16

Both happy

Answer 16

Mutualistic

Question 17

Argentine ants and aphids

Answer 17

Mutualistic

Question 18

Horizontal transmission

Answer 18

One individual to another individual
An opportunity to associate with symbionts different from that of the parent, possibly allowing for the host to explore a wider range of environmental conditions

Question 19

Vertical transmission

Answer 19

Parent —-> offspring
Very effective association is selected
Pressure to maintain and increase fitness of association

Question 20

Which transmission method encourages tighter relationships between symbionts and hosts?

Answer 20

Vertical

Question 21

What are some consequences of vertical transmission?

Answer 21

Bottleneck effect results in loss of genes
Genome reduction and symbiont

Question 22

What is an advantage of vertical transmission?

Answer 22

Trust between partners

Question 23

What are some types of relationships in symbiosis?

Answer 23

1) Nutritional
2) Reproductive
3) Pathogenic
4) Fitness benefits
5) Commensal
6) Vectors of pathogens

Question 24

Examples of nutritonal

Answer 24

1) Food
2) Digestion
3) Nutritonal metabolism

Question 25

Examples of reproductive

Answer 25

1) Sex ratio determination
2) Cytoplasmic incompatibility
3) Speciation

Question 26

Examples of fitness benefits

Answer 26

1) Protection from heat, parasitism, and pathogens

Question 27

What is Wolbachia an instance of?

Answer 27

Reproductive: Cytoplasmic incompatibility

Question 28

NON-Wolbachia carrying male and female

Answer 28

Produces viable non Wolbachia carrying offspring

Question 29

Wolbachia carrying male and non Wolbachia carrying female

Answer 29

Produces NON viable offspring that do not hatch

Question 30

Wolbachia female and non-Wolbachia male

Answer 30

Produces viable Wolbachia carrying offspring

Question 31

Two Wolbachia mates

Answer 31

Produces viable Wolbachia carrying offspring