Pollination and Pest Management Flashcards
Pollination
Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
What are the two types of pollination?
Abiotic and Biotic
Abiotic pollination
Wind, etcB
Biotic pollination
Animals
Why do animals pollinate plants?
Collect food (nectar and pollen)
Who pollinates
Insects (bees, wasps, butterflies, moths)
Birds (hummingbirds, honeycreepers)
Mammals (bats, mice, monkeys)
Why are honeybees so important?
Agriculture: honeybees enable production of at least 90 NA crops (give honey and beeswax)
What are some reasons honeybees are in decline?
Pesticide use
Parasites and diseases
Limited or monotonous flower resources
Fungicides
Pesticide use
Lethal and sublethal effects
Neonicotinoids
Pyrethroids
Parasites and diseases
Varroa mite (V. destructor)
Deformed wing virus
Direct Pest
Direct damage from feeding or oviposition
(ex little caterpillars)
Indirect Pest
Insect creates a condition for another organism to cause damage (pathogen vectors)
Cosmetic injury
When fruit is bruised
What kind of pest control is rearing insects to sterilize them?
Sterile insect technique
Why does this form of sterilization work?
Sterile males easily reared and equally compete with wild type males
Types of pest control
Pesticides (chemical)
Biological (parasitoids/predators)
Plant resistance (physical or chemical)
Cultural control (crop rotation, sanitization, etc)
Genetic methods (sterilization technique)
Pheromones (attractants and repellants)
What physiological methods cause resistance?
- Sequestration: production of enzymes that bind tightly to an insecticide molecule
- Production of enzymes that break down the insecticide molecule
- Mutation of the insecticide target site
