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Physiology Block 8 > Sexual development and gonads > Flashcards

Sexual development and gonads Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of glands are the gonads

A

Endocrine

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2
Q

What makes sperm and testosterone in males

A

Testes

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3
Q

What makes ova, estrogen, and progesterone in females

A

Ovaries

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4
Q

What is sexual differentiation

A

Development of specific gonads, internal and external genitalia

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5
Q

What is sexual differentiation a result of

A

Y-chromosome presence of absence

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6
Q

How is sex characterized

A

Genetic
Gonadal
Phenotypic

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7
Q

What is genetic sex differentiation

A

Presence of Y chromosome

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8
Q

What is gonadal differentiation

A

Testes vs ovaries

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9
Q

What is phenotypic sexual differentiation

A

Male or female appearance

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10
Q

XX

A

Female

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11
Q

XY

A

Male

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12
Q

What decides what sex you are

A

SRY region of Y chromosome

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13
Q

When is the transcription factor for the SRY region of Y chromosome activated

A

Week 7

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14
Q

What does the activation of SRY region of Y chromosome initiate

A

Development of testes

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15
Q

What happens if there is no Y or there is a mutation in SRY?

A

Ovary development begins at week 9

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16
Q

What is the default sex

A

Female

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17
Q

What is gonadal sex

A

What type of gonad develops in response to genetics

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18
Q

What chromosomes develop ovaries

A

XX

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19
Q

What do the germ cells of the ovaries do

A

Produce oogonia

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20
Q

What do the theca cells of the ovaries do

A

Produce progesterone and testosterone

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21
Q

What do the granulosa cells of the ovary do

A

Produce progesterone and estrogen from testosterone

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22
Q

What do the germ cells of the testes do

A

Produce sperm

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23
Q

What do the serotonin cells of the testes do

A

Produce anti-mullerian hormone

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24
Q

What do the leydig cells of the testes do

A

Produce testosterone

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25
Q

What is phenotypic sex

A

What phenotype develops in response to gonadal sex (hormones)

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26
Q

What is the usually phenotypic sex of someone with XX

A
  • internal-uterus, Fallopian tubes, upper vagina

- external-clitoris, labia, lower vagina

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27
Q

What is the usually phenotypic sex of someone with XY

A
  • internal- epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles and ejaculatory ducts
  • external-penis and scrotum
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28
Q

Consider a person with an XY genotype, internal testes and normal female genitalia, what is their gonadal sex

A

Male

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29
Q

What is the default setting for sex

A

Female

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30
Q

What do you need for activation into male development

A

SRY

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31
Q

What two sets of ducts are present during embryonic development

A

Wolffian and Mullerian

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32
Q

What do ovaries develop from at week 9

A

Undifferentiated gonads, wolffian ducts degenerate, Müllerian ducts develop into the internal genitalia

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33
Q

What hormones are needed for external genitalia development in females

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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34
Q

What does SRY cause

A

Development of testes from undifferentiated gonads around week 6

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35
Q

What ducts are present and what ducts are destroyed in male development (SRY)

A

Tastes secrete and-mullerian hormone that degrades the mullarian ducts
Wolffian ducts develop into the internal genitalia due to testosterone from developing testes

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36
Q

What causes the wolffian ducts to develop into the internal genitalia of males

A

Testosterone from developing testes

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37
Q

Select the answer that would best describe a person with an XY genotype with an SRY mutation that renders it non functional

A

Intact Müllerian ducts

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38
Q

How does hormonal regulation occur

A

Via the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

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39
Q

What kind of feedback loop is the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

A

Negative feedback

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40
Q

Where is GnRH from

A

Hypothalamus

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41
Q

Where is FSH and LH from

A

Anterior pituitary

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42
Q

What do the gonads secret

A

Sex steroids and inhibin/activin

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43
Q

How are levels of sex hormones regulated

A

Tightly

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44
Q

When is there a large spike of sex hormones

A

Developing fetus

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45
Q

What hormone starts in the developing fetus at week 4

A

GnRH

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46
Q

When do LH and FSH rise in the developing fetus

A

Week 10-12

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47
Q

When do hormonal levels drop

A

As brith approaches

-stays low levels until puberty

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48
Q

After birth when do hormone levels rise again

A

Puberty

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49
Q

After birth, which is higher, FSH or LH

A

FSH

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50
Q

When do GnRH levels become cyclic

A

As puberty approaches

  • both sexes have multiple daily spikes
  • increase in frequency until puberty
  • then fairly regular
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51
Q

After puberty what ar the spikes like in females

A

Larger monthly spikes

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52
Q

After puberty what are the hormon spikes like in males

A

Fairly stable levels

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53
Q

After puberty, which is high, LH or FSH

A

LH

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54
Q

What happens to GnRH at old age

A

Increases

  • FSH>LH
  • sex steroids decrease
  • menopause/andropause
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55
Q

What initiates the final development of the testes

A

Rise in daily GnRH pulses

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56
Q

What all happens when there is a daily GnRH pulse that initiates the final development of the testes

A
  • increased number of Leydig cells
  • testes increase in seize
  • accessory organs grow
  • linear growth spurt and development of male secondary sex characteristics
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57
Q

What do the leydig cells produce

A

Testosterone

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58
Q

When the testes increase in size, what else increases

A

-more seminiferous tubules for sperm production

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59
Q

What initiates the final development of the ovaries in female puberty

A

Rise in daily GnRH

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60
Q

What happens during female puberty (daily rise in GnRH pulses that initiate final development of the ovaries)

A
  • increases production of estrogens (estradiol)
  • menarche occurs
  • linear growth spurt and development of female secondary sex characteristics
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61
Q

What are some problems with SRY

A

Swyer syndrome

46,XX male

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62
Q

What is swyer syndrome

A
  • 46, XY but SRY is non functional
  • female external genitalia
  • non-functional, streak gonads
  • intact Müllerian ducts
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63
Q

What is 46 XX male

A
  • phenotypically male
  • possible small testes
  • possible gynecomastia
  • no mullerian organs
  • sterile with no functioning sperm
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64
Q

What is klinefelters syndrome

A
  • 47, XXY
  • feminization of the male phenotype
  • breast growth
  • tall, sterile, poor coordination and low muscle mass
  • broad hips
  • slight learning disability
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65
Q

What is tuner syndrome

A
  • 45, XO
  • female missing an X chromosome
  • short, with webbed neck, low sexy ears, and are infertile
  • some learning disabilities and visual disabilities as well
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66
Q

Steroid synthesis pathway in adrenal

A

Used inboth adrenals and the gonads

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67
Q

What pathway is primarily used in gonads

A

Aldosterone to estrogen/testosterone

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68
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A
  • adrenal glands have all the machinery to make androgens
  • leads to excessive androgen production
  • XX female will have ovaries but have ambiguous genitalia
  • any defect in aldosterone or cortisol production can cause this
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69
Q

17a dehydrogenase deficiency in XY

A

-46, XY with underdeveloped or female genitalia

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70
Q

17a deficincy in XX

A

-46, XX range from normal but infertile to no menarche and underdeveloped female characteristics at puberty

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71
Q

17B hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency in XY

A

May have ambiguous genitalia or female external genitalia, but internal testes

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72
Q

17B hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency in XX

A

Females will be masculinized

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73
Q

5a reductase deficiency

A
  • XX genotype with pseudo intersexuality
  • underdeveloped male genitalia due to lack of DHT
  • still be fertile after puberty due to other sources of DHT

Can’t make final sex hormone

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74
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A
  • mutation of testosterone receptors so that they cannot bind testosterone (normal/elevated levels of testosterone)
  • genotypically XY, phenotypically female
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75
Q

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Mutation of testosterone receptors

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76
Q

What is the genotype and phenotype of androgen insensitivity syndrome

A 
Genotypically XY
Phenotypically female 
-normal female external genitalia and secondary sex characteristics 
-short vagina, no uterus 
-will have undescended testes
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77
Q

How is androgen insensitivity syndrome diagnosed

A

Failed menarche

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78
Q

A patient presents to the clinic complaining of loss of energy, irregular menstration and weight gain. She is diagnosed with Cushings disease due to a pituitary tumor. Which of the following physical findings might she present with

A

Excess body hair

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79
Q

What is the male gonad

A

Testes

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80
Q

What do testes do

A

Produce sperm and secretes testosterone

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81
Q

When do testes descend

A

Around birth

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82
Q

What temp does sperm develop best

A

1-2C below body temp

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83
Q

Why doesthe scrotum raise and lower testes

A

To keep temperature right for sperm production

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84
Q

What are the testes made of

A
  • mostly seminiferous tubules (80%)

- connective tissue (20%)

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85
Q

What are the 3 cell types in the seminiferous tubules

A
  • sertoli cells
  • spermatogonia
  • spermocytes
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86
Q

What do Sertoli cells do

A
  • blood teste barrier
  • secrete fluid into tubule to transport spermatozoa
  • secretes androgen binding protein to concentrate testosterone in the testes
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87
Q

What do the leydig cells do

A

In connective tissue outside the seminiferous tubules and secrete testosterone

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88
Q

Process in seminiferous tubules where the diploid spermatagonia cells divide into 4 haploid spermatid

A

Spermatogensis

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89
Q

What are the phases of spermatogensis

A

Mitotic phase
Meiotic phase
Spermiogenesis

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90
Q

Mitotic phase of spermatogensis

A

Spermatogonia divide to populate the testes with spermatocytes

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91
Q

What is the meiotic phase of spermatogensis

A

Spermatocytes divide to form spermatids

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92
Q

What is the spermiogenesis phase of spermatogenesis

A

Spermatids mature by losing cytoplasm and develop a flagella

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93
Q

Where are maturing sperm held until ejaculation

A

Epididymis

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94
Q

When do sperm become motel

A

After 18 hours

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95
Q

How long can sperm stay in suspended animation

A

For months

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96
Q

What happens to the sperm during ejaculation

A

Accessory glands add fluid to the sperm to form semen

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97
Q

What do the seminal vesicles add to the sperm

A

Citrate, fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen

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98
Q

What do prostate glands add to sperm

A

Alkaline fluid that contains citrate, calcium, clotting enzymes and fibrinolysis

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99
Q

What is seems propelled by in ejaculation

A

Smooth muscle contractions

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100
Q

What happens once season is in a female reproduction tract

A

Sperm undergo capacitation to become fully active (5 hours)

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101
Q

What happens during capacitation to sperm

A
  • takes 5 hours
  • inhibitory factors present in semen are washed away
  • full motility is achieved due to calciu, influx
  • acrosome becoems more fragile due to removal of cholesterol
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102
Q

What does erection result from

A

PNS

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103
Q

How does the PNS stimulate erection

A

Release of NO relaxes vascular smooth muscle to increase blood flow, arterial flow is increased and venous flow is restricted

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104
Q

What does blood fill for erection

A

Corpus cavernosa and spongiosum

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105
Q

How is erection achieved

A

Due to increased pressure in the erectile tissue

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106
Q

What is the lubrication in males from (which nervous system)

A

PNS

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107
Q

What secretes mucus for lubrication in males

A

Bulbourethral and urethral glands

-clears and lubricates urethra for semen

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108
Q

What part of the nervous system is responsible for emission and ejaculation

A

SNS

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109
Q

Male emission

A

Combines sperm and seminal fluid in the internal urethra

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110
Q

Male ejaculation

A

Expulsion of semen out of the penis by muscular contractions

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111
Q

Male resolution (loss of sexual excitement)

A

Occurs 1-2 minutes after ejaculation

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112
Q

Steroid hormones that have masculinization effects

A

Androgens

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113
Q

Where are androgens primarily produces

A

Leydig cells in testes

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114
Q

What do androgens produce in males

A

Testosterone, DHT, and androstenedione

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115
Q

Which are the most potent between testosterone, DHT, androstenedione

A

Testosterone and DHT

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116
Q

Testosterone production in fetus

A

Allow growth and differentiate of internal genitalia in response to hCG

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117
Q

Production of testosterone before puberty is in response to

A

GnRH

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118
Q

When does GnRH peak

A

In adulthood and slowly declines with age

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119
Q

What is testosterone responsible for

A

Secondary male sex characteristics

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120
Q

Produced in fetus to allow growth and differentiation of external genitalia

A

DHT

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121
Q

Production in response to GnRH beings during puberty

122
Q

How is GnHR released in males

A

In a pulsatile manner every 1-3 hours

123
Q

What hormones follow GnRH secretion in male hormone regulation

A

LH and FSH

124
Q

What do the LH and FSH that follow GnRH in males do

A
  • LH levels fluctuates more than FSH
  • LH stimulates testosterone production
  • FSH stimulates spermatogenesis and the production of inhibin
  • need both for spermatogenesis
125
Q

In male hormone regulation, what inhibits LH and GnRH release

A

Testosterone

-negative feedback loop to both the pituitary and hypothalamus

126
Q

In male hormone regulation, what inhibits FSH release

A

Inhibin from Sertoli cells

127
Q

What does the ovary do

A
  • produce ova (oogenesis)

- produces and secretes E and P

128
Q

How is the ovary connected to the uterus

129
Q

What is the pathway from ovary to uterus

A

Fallopian tubes

130
Q

What happens when ova is fertilized by sperm

A

Ova will I plan in the uterus and develop until birth (parturition)

131
Q

Is there a mitotic or meiotic process to develop haploid ova?

132
Q

How many phases to develop haploid ova

133
Q

Generation of the primary oocyte

A
  • first phase
  • mitotic phase
  • stem cells develop into oogonium (7 mil)
  • oogonium develop into primary oocytes (2mil)
134
Q

What happens to primary oocytes around birth

A

Arrests in prophase I of meiosis

135
Q

At the same time the primary oocytes arrests in prophase I, what else happens

A

Coating of granulosa cells (follicular) develop

136
Q

What phase is their generation of the secondary oocyte?

137
Q

When does generation of the secondary oocyte happen

138
Q

How many oocytes remain when secondary oocytes generate

139
Q

When you are at reproductive maturation, how many oocytes left

140
Q

How many oocytes each menstrual cycle

141
Q

What completes meiosis I

A

Generation of secondary oocyte and polar body which gets degenerated

142
Q

When is the follicle fully developed

A

After meiosis I when there is a secondary oocyte and a polar body

143
Q

Ovulation

A
  • one of the developing secondary oocytes gains dominance (rest degenerate)
  • ovulation occurs (500 over lifetime)
  • if not fertilized secondary oocyte is shed with menses
144
Q

When is the second round of meiosis in females complete?

A

IF fertilized

145
Q

What occurs with the second round of meiosis

A

-2nd polar body is formed and degenerates
0mature ovum and sperm (both haploid) join to form zygote (diploid)
-follicle forms corpus Luteum

146
Q

Which of the following differentiates permatogenesis from oogenesis

A

Mitosis during spermatogenesis continues after birth

147
Q

Process of preparing the body for pregnancy

A

Ovarian (menstrual) cycle

148
Q

When doe the menstrual cycle start

A

Every 28 days

149
Q

How many phases to the menstrual cycle

150
Q

What are there cyclic changes in in the menstrual cycle

A

FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone

151
Q

What do the hormone changes in the menstrual cycle do

A

Cause development of ovum, surrounding follicle and uterine lining

152
Q

Day of menstrual cycle

A

Menstruation

  • previous cycle ended, no fertiliztion
  • uterine lining is shed de to drop in E and P levels
153
Q

Follicular phase

A

Day 5

  • drop in E/P removes negative feedback inhibiton of GnRH
  • GnRH spikes more frequently, FSH/LH levels increase
  • FSH cause development of ovarian follicles and secretion of E from granulosa cells
  • high estrogen levels cause a positive feedback with GnRH
  • GnRH spikes increase causing a LH spike wihich causes ovulation
154
Q

Ovulatory phase

A

Day 14

  • LH levels spike, causing ovulation
  • follicle ruptures, releases ovum about 24 hours after spike
  • always occurs 14 days prior to menses
155
Q

Lateral phase

A

Days 14-28

  • follicle becomes corpus luteum, secretes large amounts of progesterone
  • P slows GnRH pulses, LH and FSH levels fall low
  • if no fertilization, E and P levels fall, and menstruation will occur after day 28
  • corpus luteum becomes corpus albicans
156
Q

Uterine cycle

A

Uterus responds to high levels of E and P to prepare to receive fertilized embryo

157
Q

Menstruation in the uterine cycle

A

Day 1

-old lining is shed due to decrease in P and E levels

158
Q

Proliferating phase of uterine cycle

A

Until ovulation

  • increasing E from developing follicle increases the proliferation of endometrial cells, gland and blood vessels
  • endometrium gets 6X thicker, becomes contractile and increases expression of P receptors

Builds thickness

159
Q

Secretory phase of uterine cylce

A

Lateral phase

  • high progesterone
  • secretion of nutrient rich fluid
  • further increases vascularity and growth
160
Q

Premenstrual phase of the uterine cycle

A

End of luteal until menstruation occurs

  • reduction in E and P levels cause loss of blood flow
  • thickened endometrium becoems ischemic and is lost as menses
161
Q

The transition between the proliferating phase and the secretory phase of the uterin cycle coincides with

162
Q

What are the female sex hormones

163
Q

What are the female sex hormones (E and P) produced by

A

Theca and granulosal cells

164
Q

These cause the development of female secondary sex characteristics (growth of external and internal genitalia, breast tissue, and metabolism and fat deposition)

165
Q

What do you need for testosterone

166
Q

What do you need for progesterone

A

LH and FSH

167
Q

What’s the difference between testosterone and estrogen

A

There’s one more step for estrogen production which requires FSH

168
Q

Maturation and maintenance of uterus, Fallopian tubes, cervix, and vagina

169
Q

Responsible at puberty for hte development of female secondary sex characteristics

170
Q

Requisite for development of breasts

171
Q

Responsible for proliferation and development of ovarian granulosa cells

172
Q

Up-regulatorion of E, P, and LH receptors

173
Q

Negative and positive feedback effects on FSH and LH secretion

174
Q

Maintainenance of pregnancy

175
Q

Lowering of uterine threshold to contractile stimuli

176
Q

Stimulation of prolactin secretion

177
Q

Blocking the action of prolactin on the breast

178
Q

Decreasing LDL cholesterol

179
Q

Anti-osteoporosis

180
Q

Why do menopausal women get osteoporosis

A

Because estrogen is an anti-osteoporosis thing and it gets lost at menopause

181
Q

Maintanence of secretory activity of uterus during luteal phase

A

Progesterone

182
Q

Development of the breasts

A

Progesterone

183
Q

Maintains pregnancy

A

Progesterone

184
Q

Raising uterine threshold to contractile stimuli during pregnancy

A

Progesterone

185
Q

Is the female HPG axis positive or negative feedback

186
Q

When is the female HPG axis negative

A

During follicular and luteal phase

187
Q

When is female HPG axis positive

A

For ovulation

188
Q

What negatively regulates FSH?LH

A

Small amounts of estrogen and inhibin as well

189
Q

Where is inhibin released from and what does it do

A

Released from corpus luteum and negatively regulates FSH and LH

190
Q

What are high levels of inhibin during pregnancy an indicator for

A

Marker for Down’s syndrome

191
Q

What hormones has to be high in order for positive feedback in female

192
Q

What causes high levels of estrogen for a positive feedback

A
  • increased GnRH receptors on pituitary

- leads to FSH and LH surge necessary for ovulation

193
Q

What does activin do

A

Increases FSH and LH release, released from granulosa cells

194
Q

What is the feedback hormone for follicular phase

195
Q

What hormone is the feedback hormone for ovulation (midcycle)

196
Q

What hormone is the feedback hormone for the luteal phase

A

Progesterone

197
Q

What is the beginning of sexual maturity

198
Q

What is the first menses

199
Q

What is the end of reproductive years

A

Menopause

-most primary follicles are gone

200
Q

How many ova are present in the first and last few cycles of female

A

May not have any ova

  • due to lower levels of LH
  • usually shorter cycle, no corpus luteum and little progesterone
201
Q

Due to loss of primary follicles

202
Q

What hormones increase in menopause

A

FSH and LH

  • loss of feedback inhibition
  • mostly FSH
203
Q

What happens at menopause with los of estrogen

A
  • hot flashes, mood swings, fatigue, anxiety, dry eye
  • osteoporosis
  • increased risk of CV events
204
Q

What hormonal change is due to dry eye in females

A

Menopause, loss of estrogen

205
Q

Lubrication in female sex act

A

PNS stimulation

-bartholin glands secrete mucous into the introitus

206
Q

Female climax

A
  • perineal muscles contract to increase motility of the uterus and Fallopian tubes to aid sperm in finding egg
  • cervix dilates
  • oxytocin is released and increases uterine contractions
207
Q

Female erection

A
  • clitoris and introitus contains same elective tissue as one is, responds to PNS stimulation
  • NO, Ach,vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
208
Q

Nervous impulses for female sex act

A

Sent up the sacral spinal cord through the pudendal nerve and sacral plexus

209
Q

How long can sperm live in the female tract

210
Q

How many days prior must sex occur for conception to occur

A

4-5 days before ovulation or shortly thereafter

211
Q

How many days are females fertile each cycle

212
Q

Rhythmic contraception

A
  • if sex is avoided during this fertile window, conception can be avoided
  • difficult because few cycles are regular
  • 25% failure rate
213
Q

Hormonal suppression as contraception

A

-lower E and P to keep in low level neg feedback to not get hte LH surge

214
Q

Administration of what can inhibit LH surge and ovulation

A

Exogenous E and P

215
Q

Most common form of sterility

A

Failure to ovulate

  • abnormal hormone stimuli
  • thickened ovarian capsule wont rupture
216
Q

How do detect ovulation

A

Progesterone levels in urinalysis

  • if no metabolites in late part of cycle, no ovulaton occurred
  • measure body temp (o.5 degree spike)
217
Q

Endometriosis

A
  • developes outside of the uterus
  • can cause scarring and fibrosis in pelvic cavity
  • can encapsulate ova and not allow ova to enter Fallopian tubes
218
Q

Salpingitis

A
  • inflammation of the Fallopian tubes

- fibrosis and scarring prevents ova transit

219
Q

Causes of sterility

A
  • failure to ovulate
  • endometriosis
  • salpingitis
  • alteration in cervical mucus
220
Q

What happens when sperm enters an egg

A

Ova finishes last round of meiosis and expels a polar body

221
Q

How many chromosomes align during fertiliztion

A

23 male and 23 female align to generate normal 46 pairs

222
Q

When the chromosomes line up during fertiliztion what happens

A

Mitosis occurs and diploid zygote is formed, zygote continues to divide as it moves toward uterus

223
Q

What happens 5-7 days after fertiliztion

A

Blastocyst implants on uterine walls, transported down Fallopian tube by actions of cilia

224
Q

Implantation

A

-trophoblast cells on blastocyst dig into endometrium which later forms the placenta

225
Q

Early nutrition of fetus (blastocyst)

A

Gained by trophoblast digestion of endometrium and form glandular secretions. Can survive tis way for 8 weeks. Nut placenta helps by the send or the 2nd week

226
Q

Develops as an exchange between fetal and maternal circulation and provides oxygen and fuel to fetus, removes wastes

227
Q

How does the placenta work

A
  • highly permeable and exchange occurs via diffusion (simple and facilitated). Permeability increases with gestation, not permeable to cells
  • forms high levels of hormones (HcG, E and P, HcG
228
Q

What does HcG resemble

A

LH in structure

229
Q

Where is HcG released

A

from trophoblast cells of the implanted blastocyst

230
Q

What does the HcG do to corpus luteum

A

To continue to produce P and E

231
Q

If no HcG in pregnancy

A

Menstruation will occur because if fall in progesterone levels

232
Q

What hormone is required for pregnancy until week 12

233
Q

What happens to HcG after week 12 in pregnancy

A

Placenta takes over after, if lost, spontaneous abortion will occur

234
Q

What us estrogen produced by

A

Cooperation of mother and fetus

235
Q

What does estrogen during pregnancy do to uterus

A

Expands it

236
Q

What does estrogen o to breasts during pregnancy

A

Enlarges them and the duct allows structures as well

237
Q

What relaxes the pelvic ligmaments during pregnancy

238
Q

What is progesterone produced by in pregnancy

239
Q

What does progesterone do during pregnancy

A

Develops the decidual cells in endometrium (nourishment)
Inhibits contractions of uterus
Prepares breast tissue for lactation

240
Q

Human chorionic somatomammotropin during pregnancy

A
  • very highly secreted, general metabolic hormone
  • aids in breast development for lactation
  • has a weak GH-like effect
  • decreases maternal insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization so the rectus has more glucose
241
Q

What hormone could potentially cause gestational diabetes

A

Human chorionic somatomammotropin

242
Q

Prolactin and pregnancy

A

Prepares breasts for lactation

243
Q

Glucocorticoids and pregnancy

A

Help maintain high Amina acid in blood

244
Q

What does aldosterone do in pregnancy

A

Fluid retention for increases blood volume

245
Q

What does PTH do in pregnancy

A

Increased calcium resorption from bones

246
Q

What could cause pregnancy induced hypertension

A

Aldosterone

247
Q

What increases glucose levels during pregnancy

A

Human chorionic somatomammotropin

248
Q

What is the weight gain needed for pregnancy

A

About 35 lbs

249
Q

Too much weight during pregnancy

A

Makes pregnancy more difficult

250
Q

What nutrition must you increase during pregnancy

A

-iron
-calcium
-protein
To meet the needs of the fetus

251
Q

What if you don’t get enough nutrients in your diet when you are pregnancy

A

Fetus will use maternal stores

252
Q

Cardiac output during pregnancy

A

Increases 40%

253
Q

Blood volume during pregnancy

A

Increases 1-2L

254
Q

GFR during pregnancy

A

Increases 50%

255
Q

Reabsorption in pregnancy

A

Increases bout 50%

You reabsorb just as much as you filter so only slight increase in urine volume

256
Q

Why is there increased urination when pregnant

A

Due to growing fetus and displacement of bladder

-GFR and resorption are matched and do not really contribute to urine volume

257
Q

What is the term for birth of baby

A

Parturition

258
Q

When does parturition occur

A
  • generally 38 weeks after fertilization

- 40 weeks after last menses

259
Q

What expels the baby

A

Progressively stronger, rhythmic uterine contractions will expel the baby

260
Q

What kind of feedback is childbirth

A

Positive

-regulated by hormonal levels and uterine stretch

261
Q

What are all of the positive feedback loops

A
  • blood clotting
  • ovulation
  • brith
262
Q

Estrogen/progesterone ratio during pregnancy

A
  • progesterone inhibits contractions

- estrogen increases contractions

263
Q

Which is increased closer to birth, estrogen or progesterone

264
Q

What does the increase in estrogen do during birth

A
  • increases uterine contraction

- inserted more gap junctions in the muscle layer (allows muscle to function as one cell)

265
Q

Oxytocin is secreted by what during pregnancy

A

Placenta and maternal pituitary glands

266
Q

What mechanism does oxytocin use during pregnancy

A

Gq coupled mechanism

267
Q

What does oxytocin do during pregnancy

A

-induces contractions

268
Q

When does oxytocin increase during pregnancy

A

As labor progresses

269
Q

What increases the secretion of oxytocin

A
  • labor progression

- cervical stretch

270
Q

What do we give someone to induce labor

271
Q

Fetal hormones

A
  • prostaglandins: induce contractions

- cortisol

272
Q

Mechanical factors that increase the strength of contractions

A

Stretch of uterus

  • property of smooth muscle
  • stretch the uterus and it will contract harder
273
Q

Cervical stretch

A
  • stretch of the crevix elicits greater contractions by the uterus
  • which cause a greater stretch of the cervix, etc
274
Q

When do you usually have contractions

A

All throughout pregnancy

-weak Braxton hicks contractions

275
Q

When do contractions get stronger

A

Later in term. Possibly due to cervical stretch by child’s head

276
Q

What does cervical stretch induce

A

More contractions and releases oxytocin which generates more contractions

277
Q

How do contractions occur

A

From the top of the uterus down to the bottom

278
Q

Other than contractions, what else can help push the baby out

A

Abdominal muscles

279
Q

Contractions after birth

A
  • continues to contract

- placenta will be torn off uterine wall and delivered about 30 minutes later

280
Q

When does uterus return to normal size

A

After bout 4 weeks

281
Q

How much blood gets lost when you deliver the placenta

A

About 350ml

282
Q

What causes the bleeding to stop after getting rid of the placenta?

A

Further constriction of the uterus pinches off blood vessels and stops bleeding

283
Q

When is it beneficial to give someone oxytocin?

A

AFTER birth to stop bleeding
-if too much is given to induce labor, you will reduce the sensitivity of the receptors and it will not have the same affect to stop the bleeding after birth

284
Q

How are newborns usually fed

A

Breast milk

285
Q

When do breasts develop

A

During puberty

-duct systems and fat deposits

286
Q

What happens to breast during pregnancy

A
  • estrogens stimulate increase the growth and branching of the ductal systems
  • prolactin, GH, insulin, and glucocorticoids also play a role
287
Q

What is required for breast development

A

Progesterone

-develops the secretory characteristics of the alveolar cells

288
Q

What is required for lactation

289
Q

What inhibits lactation

290
Q

When does prolactin levels rise

A

Throughout pregnancy along with E and P

291
Q

When do E and P drop

A

After birth

292
Q

What does the hypothalamus do for lactation

A
  • releases PIH
  • essentially dopamine
  • unique since hypothalamic usually stimulates other hormones
293
Q

What happens to mothers cycle while breast feeding

A

While nursing, the mothers menstrual cycle will cease

  • both the neurological sensation of nursing and high levels of prolactin reduce GnRH secretion
  • this will usually last for several months 3 months-2 years
294
Q

What is required for milk ejection (let down)

295
Q

Milk production and ejection

A

Milk is constantly made, but will only be ejected in the presence of oxytocin

296
Q

What can cause release of oxytocin to eject milk

A

Suckling infant or just being near a baby. Crying baby or handling the baby can cause an increase in oxytocin

297
Q

How much milk is formed daily

A

1-1.5L

More if multiple birth

298
Q

How many more calories a day is required for breast milk

A

Extra 700 calories a day

299
Q

What happens if there is not Anouilh maternal calcium

A

Will digest the maternal skalaton

300
Q

What is secreted into breast milk

A

Antibodies and WBCs

  • IgA most abundant
  • help protect against infection while immune system develops in infants
301
Q

What is the fat percentage of cows milk vs human milk

A

More fat in crowns milk

302
Q

Which has more lactose, cow or human milk

Physiology Block 8 (7 decks)

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