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Physiology Block 8 > Growth Hormone And Posterior Pituitary > Flashcards

Growth Hormone And Posterior Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

Where is GH released from

A

Anterior pituitary

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2
Q

What triggers GH to be released from anterior pituitary

A

GHRH

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3
Q

What is GH release inhibited by

A

Somatostatin from the hypothalamus

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4
Q

What are the effects of GH

A
  • regulates blood levels of all energy sources
  • causes protein synthesis and organ growth
  • causes linear bone growth
  • produces somatomedins (IGF, insulin like growth factors) whihc function like GH in some target tissues
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5
Q

How is GH released

A

In a pulsatile fashion throughout life, but slows as you age

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6
Q

What are the two best stimulators for growth hormone q

A

Exercise and sleep

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7
Q

What are the two best inhibitors for GH

A

Obesity and old age

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8
Q

What are all the stimulators of GH

A
  • decreased glucose concentration
  • decreased free FA cxn
  • arginine
  • fasting and starvation
  • hormones of puberty (estrogen, testosterone)
  • exercise
  • stress
  • stage III and IV sleep
  • a-adrenergic agonists
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9
Q

What are inhibitors of GH

A
  • increased glucose cxn
  • increased FA cxn
  • obesity
  • senecence
  • somatostatin
  • GH
  • B-adrenergic agonists
  • pregnancy
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10
Q

GH mechanism of action

A
  • binds its receptor and causes phosphorylation of intracellular proteins (STATs)
  • these intracellular proteins alter transcription and translation
  • alter protein production and expression
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11
Q

What is GH similar to in its mechanism of action

A

Steroid hormone. It is a peptide

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12
Q

What does GH increase

A

Blood glucose, amino acid and lipid levels

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13
Q

What is the importance of GH increasing blood glucose, amino acid and lipid levels

A
  • provides energy sources for growth

- has an anti-insulin like effect

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14
Q

Somatomedins (IGF-1) and GH

A

Increases utilization of these energy sources for growth, acts like insulin

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15
Q

How do GH and somatomedins (IGF-1) work together

A

To allow for growth of organs, muscle tissue and long bones

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16
Q

Which of the following could be a pathology associated with hypersecertion of growth hormone

A

Type 2 diabetes

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17
Q

What is growth hormone deficiency usually due to

A

Pituitary damage

18
Q

Congenital GH deficiency

A
  • failure to grow and develop normally in first months

- must give GH to allow catch-up growth

19
Q

GH deficiency in children

A
  • acquired
  • short stature, possibly dwarfism if not corrected
  • underdeveloped features
  • poor bone density
  • Low muscle mass
  • late to puberty
20
Q

Deficiency of GH in adults

A
  • acquired
  • loss of lean muscle, obesity
  • poor bone density
  • increased risk of cardiovascular disease
21
Q

Growth hormone excess

A

Newborns and children

  • pituitary gigantism
  • very rare
  • increased linear growth
  • very tall
  • usually early mortality due to overgrowth of organs
22
Q

Acromegaly

A
  • GH excess after closure of growth plates
  • usually a pituitary tumor
  • growth of all soft tissues and organs
  • cardiovascular issues
  • characteristic physical features
  • growth of fingers, nose, ears (cartilage)
  • no gain in height
  • insulin resistance
  • if pituitary tumor is large, can cause peripheral vision loss
23
Q

Why can a pituitary tumor cause a bitemporal vision loss

A

Compression of the optic chiasm

24
Q

What is the posterior pituitary

A
  • not glandular tissue
  • neurohypophysis
  • axons and nerve terminals on neurons in hypothalamus
25
Q

What hormones does the posteiror pituitary make

A

It doesn’t make any directly, it only stores some that are made in the hypothalamus

26
Q

What are the hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin)

27
Q

What nucleus of the hypothalamus is ADH made in

A

Supraoptic nucleus

28
Q

What hypothalamic nucleus is oxytocin made in

A

Paraventricular nucleus

29
Q

When is ADH released

A

When plasma Osm is too high and when effective blood volume is too low

30
Q

What does release of ADH do

A

Causes insertion of aquaporins into kidney tubule, allows reabsorption of water-V2 receptor

31
Q

Besides water retention, what does ADH do

A

It’s a vasoconstrictor

  • V1 receptors
  • also called vasopressin for this reason
32
Q

What are the stimulators factors of ADH

A
  • increases serum Osm
  • decreases ECF volume
  • AngII
  • pain
  • nausea
  • hypoglycemia
  • nicotine
  • opiates
  • antineoplastic
  • drugs
33
Q

What are some inhibitory factors of ADH

A
  • decreased serum Osm
  • ethanol
  • a-adrenergic agonists
  • ANP
34
Q

SIADH

A
  • too much ADH

- retain water, cant make dilute urine

35
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A
  • not enough ADH
  • due to lack of ADH-central
  • due to lack of V2 receptors-nephrite ic
36
Q

What is central diabetes insipidus

A

Not enough ADH due to lack of ADH

37
Q

What is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Not enough ADH due to lack of V2 receptors

38
Q

What is oxytocin involved with

A

Reproductive functions

  • milk ejection during breast feeding
  • contractions of the uterus during birth
39
Q

What is oxytocin controlled by

A

Both physical and mental cues

40
Q

What are some thins that oxytocin can be used for

A

Induce labor and stop post partum hemorrhage

41
Q

Stimulators factors for oxytocin

A
  • suckling
  • sight, sound, or smell of the infant
  • dilation of the cervix
  • orgasm
42
Q

Inhibitory factors for oxytocin

A

Opioids

Physiology Block 8 (7 decks)

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