Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology Block 8 > Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis > Flashcards

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the HPA axis mainly concerned with

A

Production of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Of the HPA axis, what does the hypothalamus release

A

CRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Of the HPA axis, what doesthe anterior pituitary release?

A

ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In the HPA, what does the adrenal cortex release

A

ACTH from anterior pituitary stimulates the release of cortisol and aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What kind of feedback is there in the HPA axis

A

Both short and long loop

  • ACTH inhibits CRH release
  • cortisol levels inhibit ACTH and cortisol levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cortisol during time of fasting

A
  • is a stress hormone in times of fasting
  • maintains blood glucose levels
  • increases protein catabolism
  • increases FA utilization
  • reduces inflammation and suppresses the immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A secondary hypercortisolism would present with

A

Low levels of CRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do the adrenal glands sit

A

On top of the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two main divions of the adrenal glands

A

Medulla and cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do

A

Makes epinephrine and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the divisions of the adrenal cortex

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculate
  • zona reticularis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What part of the adrenal cortex makes aldosterone

A

Zone glomerulosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What part of the adrenal cortex makes cortisol and androgens

A

Both the zona fasciculate and the zona reticularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What parts of the adrenal cortex are important for the HPA axis

A

Zona fasciculate and zona reticularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerululosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are medullary hormones made from

A

Tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are Adrian cortex hormones derivatives of

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Synthesis of hormones in the adrenal cortex

A
  • cortex contains the enzymes to make all necessary hormones
  • stimulated by ACTH
  • disruption can lead to excess production of others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens when there is a disruption of the pathway of one of the adrenal hormones?

A

Results in excess production of other hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

21B hydroxylase deficiency

A
  • loss of aldosterone and cortisol production

- overproduction of androgens (causes masculinization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do low levels of cortisol and aldosterone do to ACTH levels

A

Increases them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In a male with an ACTH deficiency, which of the following hormones would be affected the most

A

Aldosterone

23
Q

Regulation of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and adrenal androgens

A
  • normally pulsatile
  • controlled by circadian rhythm
  • normally no exogenous control
24
Q

When do levels of adrenal hormones rise?

A

Right before waking and peak after

  • this prepares the body to wake up and move prior to a meal
  • raises blood glucose and mobilizes other energy stores
25
Q

What is difficult for a persons to do that has hypocortisol

A

Get out of bed

26
Q

What is a powerful stimulus for cortisol

A

Stress

-can cause weigh can and illness

27
Q

ACTH stimulators factors

A
  • decreased blood cortisol levels !!
  • sleep-wake transition
  • stress; hypoglycemia; surgery; trauma
  • psychiatric disturbances
  • ADH
  • alpha adrenergic agonists
  • B adrenergic antagonists
  • serotonin
28
Q

ACTH inhibitory factors

A
  • increased blood cortisol levels
  • opioids
  • somatostatin
29
Q

What are mineralocroticoids (aldosterone) controlled by

A

RAAS

Blood potassium levels (need ANgII to make it)

30
Q

Mechanisms of mineralocroticoids (aldosterone)

A
  • retain water and sodium

- secrete potassium and H

31
Q

Cortisol and blood glucose

A

Maintainence of blood glucose levels

32
Q

Mechanism of actions of cortisol and blood glucose levels

A

Stimulates gluconeogenesis by liver

  • liver produces glucose from other sources like fat, protein
  • causes muscle breakdown to provide Amina acids to liver
33
Q

Other than gluconeogensis, what else does cortisol do

A

It is antiinflammatory and immunosuppressant

  • inhibits production of inflammatory molecules
  • inhibits proliferation of lymphocytes
  • inhibits platelet activation
34
Q

Which of the following would be true of someone with loss of both cortical hormones (aldosterone and cortisol)

A

Low blood volume and low blood glucose

35
Q

What are the main pathologies of the adrenal gland

A
  • Addison’s disease
  • Cushing disease
  • conn syndrome
  • congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21B hydroxylase deficiency and 17a hydroylase deficiency)
36
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Primary hypocorticolism

-adrenal gland does not make enough cortisol

37
Q

Symptoms of Addison’s disease

A
  • hypoglycemia and weight loss
  • muscle weakness
  • hypotension, hyperkalemia
  • metabolic acidosis
  • hyperpigmentation
38
Q

Hyperpigmentation due to Addison’s disease

A
  • ACTH and MSH come from same protein
  • MSH causes activation of melanocytes and skin darkening
  • bronze skin and dark gums
39
Q

What is the difference between Cushing’s syndrome and Cushing’s disease

A

Cushing’s syndrome is a primary hypercortisolism

Cushing’s disease is a secondary hypercortisolism

40
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Primary hypercortisolism

-adrenal cortex makes too much cortisol

41
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

Secondary hypercortisolism

-anterior pituitary makes too much ACTH

42
Q

What are the symptoms of Cushing’s

A
  • hyperglycemia, weight gain
  • central obesity, moon face, buffalo hump
  • muscle wasting
  • hypertension
  • striae (huge stretch marks)
  • virilization in females (masculinization)
43
Q

What is the virilization in Cushing’s from

A

Due to overflow into androgen production, more so in secondary

44
Q

Will someone with Cushing’s have high aldosterone

A

Not really. If there is a reason to need aldosterone they may have a larger than normal amount of it released, but overall not too much floating around

45
Q

Conn syndrome

A

Aldosterone secreting tumor

-primary hyperaldosteronism

46
Q

Symptoms of conn syndrome

A

Hypertension
Hypokalemia
Alkalosis

47
Q

Dysfunction in one of the enzymes required for adrenal function

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

-hyperplasia and hypertrophy compensate

48
Q

21B hydroxylase deficiency

A
  • congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  • loss of both cortisol and aldosterone
  • virilization in both sexes
49
Q

17a hydroxylase deficiency

A
  • congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  • loss of cortisol and adrenal androgens
  • over production of aldosterone
50
Q

Which congenital adrenal hyperplasia results in the loss of cortisol and aldosterone

A

21B hydroxylase deficncy

51
Q

Which congenital adrenal hyperplasia results in the loss of cortisol and adrenal androgens

A

17a hydrozylase deficiency

52
Q

Which is more severe, 21B H deficiency or 17a H deficiency

A

21B hydroxylase deficiency

53
Q

How would you differentiate between Cushing’s syndrome and Cushing’s disease

A

ACTH levels

Physiology Block 8 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions