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Physiology Block 8 > Intro To Hormone Synthesis, And Organization Of Endocrine > Flashcards

Intro To Hormone Synthesis, And Organization Of Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endocrine system maintain

A

Homeostasis, assisted with the neurvous system

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2
Q

Which is longer lasting? Nervous system or endocrine system

A

Endocrine

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3
Q

Which is slower, nervous system or endocrine system

A

Endocrine

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4
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of

A 
Hypothalamus
anterior and posterior pituitary gland
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenals
gonads
Placenta
Pancreas
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5
Q

What are some organs with endocrine functions but are not considered endocrine organs

A

Kidney
Heart
Gut
Adipose tissue

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6
Q

How does the endocrine system work

A

Controls through release of hormones into the body. Bind to receptors on target cells and elicit a function

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7
Q

Autocrine

A

Hormone can directly affect the secreting cell

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8
Q

Paracrine

A

Hormone can affect a nearby cell (cells)

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9
Q

Endocrine

A

Hormone can affect distance cells by secretion in the blood stream

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10
Q

How are hormones characterized

A

Peptides and proteins
Steroids
Amines

Depends on receptor and mechanism of action

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11
Q

Which of the following differentiates the nervous from the endocrine system

A

Nervous responses are generally short acting

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12
Q

What is the largest class of hormones

A

Peptide and protein hormones

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13
Q

What are peptide and proteins hormones produced by

A

Endocrine cells and stores in the secretory vesicles until needed

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14
Q

What is peptide and proline hormone secretion in response to

A

Stimulus

  • sensed by endocrine cells
  • causes release of pre-made hormones
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15
Q

What must peptide and protein hormones do to have an effect

A

They must bind to a cell surface receptor on target cell

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16
Q

What are the peptide hormones of the hypothalamus

A
  • thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
  • gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • somatostatin
  • growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
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17
Q

What are the peptide hormones of f hte anteiror pituitary gland

A
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • lutenizing hormone (LH)
  • growth hormone
  • prolactin
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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18
Q

What are the peptide hormones of the posteiror pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin (ADH)

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19
Q

What is the peptide hormone of the thyroid

A

Calcitonin

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20
Q

What is the peptide hormone of the parathyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone

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21
Q

What are the peptide hormones of the placenta

A
  • human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

- human placental lactogen (HPL), or human chorionic somatomammotropin

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22
Q

What are the peptide hormones of the pancreas

A
  • insulin (B cells)

- glucagon (a cells )

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23
Q

What is the peptide hormone of the kidney

A

Renin

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24
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A
  • peptide hormone
  • from hypothalamus
  • stimulates secretion of TSH and prolactin
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25
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A
  • peptide hormone
  • hypothalamus
  • stimulates secretion of ACTH
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26
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A
  • peptide
  • hypothalamus
  • stimulates the secretion if LH and FH
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27
Q

Somatostatin

A
  • peptide
  • hypothalamus
  • inhibits secretion of growth hormone
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28
Q

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

A
  • peptide
  • hypothalamus
  • stimulates secretion of growth hormone
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29
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary
  • stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
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30
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary
  • stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes
  • stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries
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31
Q

Growth hormone

A
  • peptide
  • anteiror pituitary
  • stimulates proline synthesis and overall growth
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32
Q

Prolactin

A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary
  • stimulates milk production and secretion in breasts
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33
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary
  • stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones (cortisol, androgens, and aldosterone)
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34
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • peptide
  • posterior pituitary
  • stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine contractions
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35
Q

Vasopressin (ADH)

A
  • peptide
  • posterior pituitary
  • stimulates water reabsorption in principal cells of collecting ducts and constriction of arterioles
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36
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • peptide
  • thyroid
  • decreases serum calcium
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37
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A
  • peptide
  • parathyroid
  • increases serum Ca
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38
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A
  • peptide
  • placenta
  • stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus Luteum of early pregnancy
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39
Q

Human placental lactogen (HPL) or human chorionic somatomammotropin

A
  • peptide
  • placenta
  • has growth hormone like and prolactin like actions during pregnancy
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40
Q

Insulin (B-cells)

A
  • peptide
  • pancreas
  • decreases blood sugar
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41
Q

Glucagon (a cells)

A
  • peptide
  • pancreas
  • increases blood sugar
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42
Q

Renin

A
  • peptide
  • kidney
  • catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
43
Q

What kind of hormones are derivatives of cholesterol

A

Steroid hormones

44
Q

What kind of receptors do steroid hormones deal with

A
  • NO EXTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS

- diffuse across the cell membrane and bind intrcellular receptors either in the nucleus or the cytosol

45
Q

How do steroid receptors work

A

They bind intracellularly and initiate changes in transcription and translation
-direct production of new proteins

46
Q

What is the speed of steroid hormones compared to the other classes of hormones

A

Slower

47
Q

What are the steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex

A
  • cortisol (glucocorticoids)
  • aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
  • dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione (adrenal androgens)
48
Q

What are the steroid hormones of the testes

A

Testosterone

49
Q

What are the steroid hormones of the ovaries

A
  • estradiol

- progesterone

50
Q

What are the steroid hormones of the corpus luteum

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

51
Q

What are the steroid hormones of the placenta

A

Estradiol

Progesterone

52
Q

What are the steroid hormones of the kidney

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

53
Q

Cortisol (glucocorticoid)

A
  • steroid
  • adrenal cortex
  • stimulates gluconeogensis; inhibits inflammatory response; suppresses immune response; enhances vascular responsiveness to catecholamines
54
Q

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)

A
  • steroid
  • adrenal cortex
  • increases renal Na reabsorption, K+ secretion, and H+ secretion
55
Q

DHEA and androstenedione (adrenal androgen)

A
  • steroid
  • adrenal cortex
  • stimulates spermatogensis; stimulates male secondary sex characteristics
56
Q

Testosterone

A
  • steroid
  • testes
  • stimulates spermatogenesis; stimulates secondary male sex characteristics
57
Q

Estradiol

A
  • steroid
  • ovaries, corpus luteum, placenta
  • stimulates growth and development of female reproductive system, follicular phase of mentrsual cylce, development of breasts, prolactin secretion; maintains pregnancy
58
Q

Progesterone

A
  • steroid
  • ovaries, corpus luteum, placenta
  • stimulates luteal phase of menstrual cycle; maintains pregnancy
59
Q

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

A
  • steroid
  • kidney
  • increases intestinal absorption of Ca; bone mineralization
60
Q

What is the smallest class of hormones

A

Amine hormones

61
Q

How are amine hormones produced

A

By metabolism of the amino acid tyrosine

62
Q

What must amine hormones do

A

Must bind to a cell surface receptor on target cell to have an effect
-target cell can upregulate or down regulate receptor expression to modify response

63
Q

What is weird about thyroid hormone

A

An amine hormone that signals like a steroid

-binds an intracellular receptor

64
Q

What is the amine hormone for the hypothalamus

A

Dopamine or prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF)

65
Q

What is the amine hormone from the thyroid

A

T3 and T4

66
Q

What is the amine hormone from the adrenal medulla

A

Norepinephrine, epinephrine

67
Q

Dopamine or prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF)

A
  • amine
  • hypothalamus
  • inhibits secretion of prolactin
68
Q

T3 and T4

A
  • amine
  • thyroid
  • stimulates skeletal growth; oxygen consumption; heat production; protein, fat, and carb utilization; perinatal maturation of the central nervous system
69
Q

Norepinephrine, epinephrine

A
  • amine
  • adrenal medulla
  • SNS function
70
Q

Which of the following is both a hormone and NT

A

Epinephrine

71
Q

How do target cells regulate hormone response

A

They can alter the number or affinity of receptors to modulate response

72
Q

How well the receptor binds the hormone

A

Affinity

73
Q

This gets a response at a lower hormone concentration

A

High affinity

74
Q

This gets a response only at high hormone concentrations

A

Low affinity

75
Q

Less receptors available

A

Less of a response

76
Q

Insulin in DM2

A

High affinity normally

Cells stop paying attention, decreased affinity

77
Q

How are most hormones released

A

In response to another hormone

78
Q

What is the axis of hormones

A

Most hormones are released in response to another hormone

TRH causes release of TSH which causes release of T3/4

Multiple layers of control on hormone release

79
Q

What kind of control are most hormone axes

A

Negative feed back

TSH inhibits TRH
T3/4 inhibits TSH and TRH

80
Q

What is the main area where there is a positive feedback

A

In female reproductive system

-leads to ovulation

81
Q

What is the steroid hormone mechanism

A

Binds an intracellular receptor and generates a second messenger

82
Q

Hormones that bind extracellular receptors

A

Immediate action and long term affect

83
Q

Hormones that bind intracellular receptors

A

Long term affect, slower

84
Q

What are the second messengers used

A

cAMP/cGMP
IP3 and Ca2+
Receptor tyrosine kinase

85
Q

What do the second messengers that were activated by the hormones do

A

Activate downstream kinases and phosphatases

Add/remove phosphate from protein to alter function

86
Q

Which of the following hormones has to bind an intracellular receptor to cause an affect

A

Progesterone

87
Q

Which of the following hormones has to bind an extracellular receptor to cause an effect

A

Growth hormone

88
Q

What pathway do growth hormone and insulin use

A

Tyrosine kinase receptors

89
Q

What connects the nervous system to the endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

90
Q

What are the two divisions of the pituitary

A

Posterior (neural tissue)

Anterior (glandular tissue)

91
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Is the axons and nerve endings of neurons in the hypothalamus

  • release hormones made in the cell bodies
  • doesn’t directly make any hormones
  • ADH, oxytocin
92
Q

Anterior pituitary

A
  • glandular tissue
  • receives blood supply after it has passed through hypothalamus
  • hypothalamus releases hormones into the primary plexus caps
  • stimulates anterior pituitary to release hormones into the blood stream
  • directly produces and releases hormones
93
Q

What part of the pituitary gland directly produces and releases hormones

A

Anterior

94
Q

What controls the anteiror pituitary

A

Hypothalamus via blood supply

95
Q

What is the endocrine axis

A

Hypothalamus controls the pituitary which controls the actually gland

96
Q

How is dysfunction of the endocrine axis determined

A

From the secreting gland and the secreted hormone

97
Q

Primary dysfunction

A

Secreting gland is to blame, the rest is fine

98
Q

Secondary dysfunction

A

The pituitary is to blame, the rest is fine

99
Q

Tertiary dysfunction

A

Hypothalamus is the blame, the rest is fine

100
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

A

Adrenals make cortisol

101
Q

Hypothtlamic -pituitary-thyroid axis

A

Thyroid makes T3/T4

102
Q

Hypothtlamic-pituitary-gland axis

A
  • gonads make sex hormones
  • testosterone (males)
  • estrogens (females)
103
Q

A disease in which the T3/T4 levels are low, while TSH and TRH levels are very high would be characterized as a

A

Primary hypothyroidism

Physiology Block 8 (7 decks)

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