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reproductive biology > Sexual Development > Flashcards

Sexual Development Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is genetic sex?

A

determined by chromosomal compliment contributed by egg and sperm

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2
Q

What is gonadal sex?

A

differentiation of the bipotential embryonic gonad into an ovary or testis

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3
Q

What is phenotypic sex?

A

depending on the hormones secreted by gonads

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4
Q

What is locus?

A

position on a chromosome where groups of genes are located

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5
Q

What is phenotype?

A

gene via the protein they produce can contribute to a certain trait

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6
Q

What is inheritance?

A

trait/gene passed to offspring as autosomal or sex linked (depending on chromosome)
dominant and recessive

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7
Q

What causes chromosome abnormalities?

A

faulty cell division in zygote fertilization, faulty division of germ cells during oo/spermatogenesis

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8
Q

What is the importance of x inactivation?

A

ensures that there isn’t a dosage effect, healthier one stays “on”

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9
Q

What is the turners syndrome genotype?

A

x

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10
Q

What does estrogen do in development? Where is it secreted from?

A

secreted from the ovary

supports development of Mullerian duct into uterus, oviduct, vagina

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11
Q

What important hormone needs to be in the developing male? what does it do?

A

Anti-Mullerian (AMH): causes degradation of mullerian duct

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12
Q

What is the bipotential stage? When does it differentiate?

A

undifferentiated gonads (early development), week 7

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13
Q

What is the genial ridge?

A

derived from intermediate mesoderm (1-3 layers of embryo (blood, heart, kidney, gonads)

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14
Q

What happens at 4-6 weeks of development?

A

proliferation of the epithelium to form primitive sex chords

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15
Q

What are primordial germ cells (PGC)?

A

primary undifferentiated stem cells that will differentiate towards gametes

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16
Q

When do PGCs migrate to proliferated epithelium?

A

4-6 weeks

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17
Q

When do PGCs turn from diploid to haploid cells?

A

they divide by mitosis until critical number is reached

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18
Q

How long does it take for an xy fetus to fully differentiate?

A

14-16 weeks

19
Q

What is the importance of the wolffian duct?

A

forms into the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle

20
Q

What cells secrete AMH?

A

Sertoli

20
Q

What are the steps for forming the rete testis and the testis cords (2)

A

lose connection with surface wall epithelium, cords hollow out to become tubules

21
Q

What is the urogenital region?

A

near cloacal opening, converts testosterone to DHT

22
Q

What is the importance of DHT?

A

promotes formation of penis and prostate gland (internal male genitalia)

23
Q

How long does it take for an xx fetus to differentiate?

A

20 weeks

24
Q

What makes up a follicule? 3

A

germ cell (ova), cortical cells (granulosa), theca cells

25
Q

What forms mullerian duct?

A

estrogen from mother and fetal follicules

26
Q

What causes the degeneration of the wolffian duct?

A

lack of testosterone

27
Q

What is the Sry gene? What does it encode?

A

sex determining region on y chromosome (not only gene needed for male development tho)

encodes transcription factors

28
Q

What happened to xx mice injected with Sry?

A

developed testis and penis but no sperm

29
Q

What is the Sry equivalent in birds?

A

DMRTI

30
Q

What is the Sox9 gene?

A

autosomal gene that regulates expression of AMH

31
Q

When is the Sox9 gene expressed?

A

after sry expression in the genital ridge

32
Q

What is sterioidogeneic factor 1 (SF1?)

A

autosomal gene that is important in initial early development of gonad

binds to AMH promotor to activate expression of AMH in sertoli

33
Q

What is the Dax1 gene?

A

x chromosome but males need it

expressed in genital ridge just after sry expression and may be important for spermatogenesis

klinefelters syndrome people have dosage problem

34
Q

What is the klinefelters genotype?

A

xxy

35
Q

What is the Wnt4 gene?

A

autosomal gene that encode protein hormone that repressed male differentiation (antagonizes sox9)

36
Q

What is the indifferent stage genitalia?

A

genital fold, genital swelling, genital tubercle

37
Q

What is the critical stage of masculinization?

A

8-12 weeks

38
Q

What is the genial tubercule (male and female)

A

m: penis
f: clitoris

39
Q

What is the urethra fold m and f?

A

m corpus spngiosum
f labia minora

40
Q

what is the labioscrotal swelling m and f?

A

m scrotum
f labia majora

41
Q

what is the urogeniatal sinus m and f?

A

m prostate
f vagina

42
Q

What type of secretion do males and females have?

A

m tonic
f cyclic

43
Q

What happens in freemartinism?

A

male and female twin calves, 95% sterile female

caused by connected placenta that allows for hormone transfer

reproductive biology (8 decks)

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