Cells Flashcards
What is physiology?
study of nature: physical + chemical factors responsible for the development, maintenance of life
What is pathophysiology?
how normal functions change with disease
What is reproduction?
formation of new offspring or individuals
What are the purposes of reproduction? (3)
fitness of offspring (evolution), societal norms (keeping society alive), personal (family)
What is asexual reproduction?
production of genetically identical offspring, doesn’t involve another partner or fusion of gametes
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
rapid increase of population, no mate needed, less investment into the future (no rearing young)
What is sexual reproduction?
fusion of genetically unique gametes to form a genetically unique organism, genetic rearrangement
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
genetic diversity, enhance adaptability (natural selection), disease resistance
What is the purpose of karyotyping?
looking for abnormalities within the chromosomes
What are the steps of karyotyping? (3)
- collect metaphase chromosomes (blood, amniocentesis)
- stain to visualize banding (g staining)
- make ideograms to identify chromosomes
What is chromatin?
long double helix molecule of DNA, packaged into chromosomes
What are histones?
what DNA is bound around, proteins that help fold DNA
What is a haploid?
1n, 1 set of homologous chromosomes
gamete
What is a diploid?
2n, 2 sets of homologous chromosomes
somatic cell
What is allostasis?
homeostasis, the state that a cell must return to
What is the purpose of mitosis?
replicate genetically identical cells (2n)
What happens during the S phase in mitosis?
DNA synthesis (replication)
Why are there checkpoints in mitosis? When do they happen? What do they look for?
happen after each stage of interphase and in mitosis. ensures that everything is working correctly, apoptosis (cell death)
cell size, resources, DNA, chromosome segregation
What are the stages of mitosis (and meiosis)
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase + cytokineses
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
mitosis copies DNA, makes 2n
meiosis has the same steps without replication, 1n
chromosomes line up differently (see notes)
What is an aneuploidy?
abnormal chromosome number in cell
What is a trisomy?
extra chromosome (13, 17, 18, 21 (downs), 22
What is a monomy?
one sex chromosome
What is nondisjunction?
abnormal separation of chromosomes during replication (see diagram)
What is a bivalent/tetrad?
pair of homologous chromosomes
