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reproductive biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is physiology?

A

study of nature: physical + chemical factors responsible for the development, maintenance of life

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2
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

how normal functions change with disease

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3
Q

What is reproduction?

A

formation of new offspring or individuals

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4
Q

What are the purposes of reproduction? (3)

A

fitness of offspring (evolution), societal norms (keeping society alive), personal (family)

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5
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

production of genetically identical offspring, doesn’t involve another partner or fusion of gametes

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6
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

rapid increase of population, no mate needed, less investment into the future (no rearing young)

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7
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

fusion of genetically unique gametes to form a genetically unique organism, genetic rearrangement

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8
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

genetic diversity, enhance adaptability (natural selection), disease resistance

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9
Q

What is the purpose of karyotyping?

A

looking for abnormalities within the chromosomes

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10
Q

What are the steps of karyotyping? (3)

A
  1. collect metaphase chromosomes (blood, amniocentesis)
  2. stain to visualize banding (g staining)
  3. make ideograms to identify chromosomes
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11
Q

What is chromatin?

A

long double helix molecule of DNA, packaged into chromosomes

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12
Q

What are histones?

A

what DNA is bound around, proteins that help fold DNA

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13
Q

What is a haploid?

A

1n, 1 set of homologous chromosomes
gamete

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14
Q

What is a diploid?

A

2n, 2 sets of homologous chromosomes
somatic cell

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15
Q

What is allostasis?

A

homeostasis, the state that a cell must return to

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16
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

replicate genetically identical cells (2n)

17
Q

What happens during the S phase in mitosis?

A

DNA synthesis (replication)

18
Q

Why are there checkpoints in mitosis? When do they happen? What do they look for?

A

happen after each stage of interphase and in mitosis. ensures that everything is working correctly, apoptosis (cell death)
cell size, resources, DNA, chromosome segregation

19
Q

What are the stages of mitosis (and meiosis)

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase + cytokineses

20
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

mitosis copies DNA, makes 2n
meiosis has the same steps without replication, 1n
chromosomes line up differently (see notes)

21
Q

What is an aneuploidy?

A

abnormal chromosome number in cell

22
Q

What is a trisomy?

A

extra chromosome (13, 17, 18, 21 (downs), 22

23
Q

What is a monomy?

A

one sex chromosome

24
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

abnormal separation of chromosomes during replication (see diagram)

25
Q

What is a bivalent/tetrad?

A

pair of homologous chromosomes

reproductive biology (8 decks)

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