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reproductive biology > Hypothalamus and Pituitary > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the hypothalamus composed of and what do they do?

A

composed of neurons

neurons secrete chemical signals that regulate the pituitary

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2
Q

What is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A

anterior is the true endocrine gland, posterior is neural tissue, not a gland

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3
Q

What is Rathke’s pouch?

A

neural tissue that protrudes and pinches off to form the anterior pituitary

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4
Q

How does the posterior pituitary form? What is the intermediate pituitary?

A

the neural tissue from the anterior pituitary remains connected to the brain to form the posterior

intermediate form between the two, unknown function

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5
Q

What is the median eminance?

A

interphase between neural tissues of hypothalamus and the peripheral endocrine system of the pituitary

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6
Q

Why is the median eminence important?

A

Critical communication link between anterior and posterior

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7
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

path by which the chemical signals from the hypothalamus travel to regulate the function of anterior pituitary
2 capillary beds

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8
Q

What does the portal system do?

A

ensures high concentration of signal enters anterior pituitary for strong and efficient release

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9
Q

What is the portal system capillary route?

A

heart - artery - capillary bed - another capillary bed

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10
Q

What is a feedback loop? (2)

A

how the body maintains the appropriate amounts of chemical signals or hormones at each level

sets “targets” of concentrations necessary for proper functioning

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10
Q

What activates the physiological process?

A

GnRH release

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11
Q

What is the feedback loop? (4 questions)

A

did the stimulus have an effect?
was the appropriate substance released?
was the correct amount released?
did it have an effect?

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11
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

the release of GnRH stimulates the release of FSH and LH, does not stop until target level is reached

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11
Q

When does positive feedback stop?

A

when target is reached (switches to negative feedback)

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12
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

decrease in the release of GnRH to stop the release of FSH and LH

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13
Q

What is GnRH?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

14
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

bind to receptors to activate synthesis and release of gonadotropins
maintain ovary and testes
generate LH surge necessary for ovulation

15
Q

What kind of secretion does LH do?

A

cyclic surge (it’s infrequent)

16
Q

What does the surge center contain (2)?

A

preoptic nucleus (pon), anterior hypothalamic area (aha)

17
Q

What is the other name for the basal hypothalamus (arc?)

A

tonic center

18
Q

What are the 2 cycles of secretion?

A

tonic (pulsatile) and cyclic surge

19
Q

What is tonic secretion?

A

continuance release, (maintenance), burst of hormones released (pulsatile)

20
Q

What type of secretion does GnRH have?

A

pulsatile

21
Q

What is cyclic surge secretion?

A

surge of increased secretion, caused by stimulation of GnRH neurons

22
Q

When does cyclic surge secretion happen?

A

during cyclin (menstrual or estrus) just prior to ovulation

23
Q

What types of neurons regulate GnRH?

A

KNDy and kissipeptin

24
Q

What does leptin do?

A

regulate energy balance

25
Q

What other factors regulate GnRH?

A

gonadal steroids, glucose, leptin

26
Q

What is induced ovulation? What animals use it?

A

ovulation after mating

rabbits, cats, ferrets, camel

27
Q

What happens in induced ovulation?

A

sensory nerves in vagina and uterus are activated after mating, generate signal regulating GnRH to increase the release of LH surge

28
Q

How does seasonal reproduction work?

A

controlled by melatonin from pineal gland

short day (less light) = more melatonin which shows an either increase or decrease in GnRH

29
Q

What are some examples of seasonal breeders?

A

bird, sheep, horse

30
Q

What are the importance of the alpha and beta subunits of a hormone?

A

alpha is common to all hormones, abundant

beta is unique to each hormone, what the receptors look for, low abundance

31
Q

What does LH do? (3)

A

induce ovulation, promote CL development, regulate gonadal steroids by theca and granulosa/leydig

32
Q

What does FSH do?

A

stimulate growth of ovarian follicules, fetal gonads and number of receptors

33
Q

What hormone is made in the posterior pituitary?

A

oxytocin

reproductive biology (8 decks)

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