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cyaf 471 > Sexual arousal and response > Flashcards

Sexual arousal and response Flashcards

1
Q

What is the typical testosterone level difference between males and females?

A

Testosterone is 20-40 times higher in males than in females

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2
Q

Where is testosterone primarily produced in males and females?

A

produced in the testes in males and in the adrenal glands (located above the kidneys) in both males and females

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3
Q

What is hypogonadism?

A

testes unable to produce usual amount of testosterone

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4
Q

How does testosterone replacement therapy benefit individuals with low levels of testosterone?

A

improves desire and functioning in both males and females with low levels

not helpful for individuals with normal levels

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5
Q

How does estrogen replacement therapy typically affect sexual symptoms caused by low levels?

A

can relieve sexual symptoms caused by low levels, but research is mixed

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6
Q

What are the effects of castration on desire and sexual activity?

A

removal of testes

usually causes markedly reduced desire and sexual activity

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7
Q

Where is estrogen primarily produced in females and to what extent in males?

A

produced in ovaries in females

in testes in males to a much lesser extent

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8
Q

What role does estrogen play in the sexual response of the vagina?

A

involved in sexual response of vagina

lubrication
elasticity
thickness of walls

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9
Q

What is oxytocin commonly referred to as, and when is it released?

A
  • neuropeptide hormone “snuggle chemical”
  • released during breastfeeding, enhancing mother-child bonding by increasing skin sensitivity
  • similarly causes bonding during other forms of physical contact
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10
Q

Serotonin (role in sexual response)

A

inhibits sexual behavior and oxytocin

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11
Q

Dopamine (role in sexual response)

A

causes feelings of euphoria and enhances sexual response

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12
Q

Frontal Lobe (role in sexual response)

A

directs decision making and impulse control

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13
Q

Spinal Cord (role in sexual response)

A

controls various aspects of sexual response including vaginal lubrication and erection

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14
Q

Primary erogenous zones

A

dense concentration of nerve endings are there and are the genitals, nipples, perineum, breasts, inner thighs, armpits, navel, neck, ears, and mouth

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15
Q

secondary erogenous zones

A

any part of the body that have become erotically sensitive based on experience

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16
Q

What are pheromones, and how do they affect behavior?

A

Chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species

17
Q

Masters and Johnson’s Four-Stage Model of Sexual Response (components of each stage)

A
  1. Excitement
  2. Plateau
  3. Orgasm
  4. Resolution
18
Q

Excitement - Masters and Johnson’s

A

physical signs of sexual

females:
- Vasocongestion (engorgement of blood vessels as inflow outpaces outflow) of clitoris, labia minora, and vagina

  • Labia majora pulls away from introitus
  • Beginning of vaginal lubrication
  • Uterus elevates
  • Breasts enlarge, veins become more prominent

Males: vasocongestion of penis and testes, triggered by nitric oxide and dopamine

  • Beginning of penile erection
  • Testes begin to elevate

Both genders:

  • Sex flush (redness on chest) appears
  • Nipples become erect
  • Myotonia (muscle tension) increases, causing grimaces and spasms in hands and feet
  • Heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing increase
19
Q

Plateau - Masters and Johnson’s

A

Females:

Vagina:

Outer third forms orgasmic platform (area of increased engorgement)

Inner two thirds ballrooms

Clitoris retreats under clitoral hood

Uterus fully elevated

Breasts:

Enlargement continues

Areolas swell

Males:

Testes elevate further and increase in size (50-100%)

Appearance of pre-ejaculatory fluid from Cowper’s glands

Pelvic thrusting becomes involuntary

Both genders:

Carpopedal spasms: contractions of hands and feet, making them appear claw-like

20
Q

Orgasm - Masters and Johnson’s

A

contractions causing intense, very pleasurable feelings

Females: contractions in vagina, uterus, and anus

Orgasmic platform contracts 3-15 times

Multiple orgasms reported by about 15% of women

19-68% of women report faking orgasms

Males: contractions in urethra bulb, penis, and anus

Emission phase: seminal fluid builds up in urethral bulb, causing feeling of ejaculatory inevitability

Expulsion phase: semen expelled from penis by strong contractions

Both genders: subjective descriptions of orgasms are similar

Involuntary muscle spasms occur throughout body

Rectal sphincter contracts

HR, BP, and breathing at very high rates

Simultaneous orgasms: occurs in some couples, but uncommon as partners often orgasm from different kinds of stimulation

21
Q

Resolution - Masters and Johnson’s

A

deep relaxation as body returns to normal

Females:

Sex organs return to normal positions

Vasocongestion subsides

Takes longer if orgasm hasn’t occurred

Males: usually proceeds rapidly

Sex organs return to normal positions

Vasocongestion subsides

Refractory period: most men are unable to orgasm again for a period lasting couple minutes to days

“Blue balls”: slang term for uncomfortable, persistent pelvic vasocongestion if orgasm isn’t achieved

22
Q

Vasocongestion

A

engorgement of blood vessels as inflow outpaces outflow

females: clitoris, labia minora, vagina

males: penis and testes

23
Q

What are carpopedal spasms, and when are they experienced?

A

contractions of hands and feet, making them appear claw-like

experienced by both genders in plateau phase

24
Q

Define ejaculatory inevitability and its significance

A

in males, the sensation produced during the emission phase of ejaculation that expulsion of semen is imminent, reflexive, and cannot be stopped

often referred to as the “point of no return”

25
Q

Describe the phases of male orgasm

A

emission phase: seminal fluid builds up in urethral bulb, causing feeling of ejaculatory inevitability

expulsion phase: semen expelled from penis by strong contractions

26
Q

What are simultaneous orgasms, and how common are they?

A

occurs in some couples, but uncommon as partners often orgasm from different kinds of stimulation

27
Q

Multiple orgasms

A

15% of women report multiple orgasms

28
Q

Explain retrograde ejaculation and its implications

A

semen flows into bladder instead of out of body

harmless but can signal medical problem

29
Q

Diabetes (effects of sexual functioning)

A

can cause erectile dysfunction in men

desire, arousal, and orgasm problems in women

30
Q

Thyroid Disorders (effects of sexual functioning)

A

reduce desire

31
Q

Concept of blue balls

A

slang term for uncomfortable, persistent pelvic vasocongestion if orgasm isn’t achieved

32
Q

Refractory period

A

most men are unable to orgasm again for a period lasting minutes to day

33
Q

Kaplan’s triphasic model

A
  1. Desire
  2. Excitement
  3. Orgasm
34
Q

Kaplan’s triphasic model - goal

A

adds desire phase, which assists in understanding sexual dysfunctions

eliminates plateau phase, which can be seen as extension of excitement phase

eliminates resolution phase, which can be seen as after termination of sexual response

35
Q

Aphrodisiacs

A

substances used to enhance sexual behavior

foods: often those resembling genitals (don’t work)

animal products: horns, genitalia, etc. (don’t work)

drugs of abuse: alcohol may increase rates of sexual behavior by reducing inhibitions/judgments; impairs performance

marijuana thought to improve performance (doesn’t work)

ecstasy said to enhance sensation

36
Q

anaphrodisiacs:

A

substances that inhibit sexual behavior

medications: may decrease desire and/or performance (tranquilizers, SSRIs, antihypertensives, allergy meds, steroids, antiepileptics, birth control pills, opioid pain relievers)

drugs of abuse:
opiates decrease desire and behavior
cocaine can cause loss of pleasure from sex
nicotine reduces interest, vasocongestion, and testosterone levels

cyaf 471 (7 decks)

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