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cyaf 471 > Female anatomy, physiology, and health > Flashcards

Female anatomy, physiology, and health Flashcards

1
Q

external sex organs/genitals

A

mons veneris
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
urethral opening
vestibule
bartholin’s glands
hymen

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2
Q

Describe the labia majora.

A

two parallel folds of skin extending from the mons veneris to the perineum. Their inner surface contains sebaceous glands and they engorge with blood during sexual excitement.

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the labia minora?

A

two parallel, smaller, thinner, red folds of skin between the labia majora and the vestibule. They contain some erectile tissue and their forward parts form the prepuce or clitoral hood

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4
Q

What is the mons veneris and its function?

A

a fatty cushion resting over the pubic bone, largely serving a protective function

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5
Q

Explain the structure and function of the clitoris.

A

physically similar to the penis and engorges with blood during sexual excitement. It has a shaft and a glans filled with nerve endings, and its sole function is sexual pleasure

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6
Q

What are the different types of female genital mutilation and what procedures do they involve?

A
  • clitoridectomy, circumcision, and genital infibulation.
  • Clitoridectomy involves the removal of the clitoris, while circumcision removes the clitoral hood.
  • Genital infibulation entails the removal of the clitoris, labia minora, and most of the labia.
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7
Q

What are Bartholin’s glands and what are their functions?

A

secrete fluid with an unknown purpose. Infection can cause swelling and irritation

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8
Q

What is the hymen and what is its function?

A

fold of tissue covering the introitus at birth, generally perforated at the center to permit the flow of menstrual fluid. It has been historically used as “proof” of virginity, though some women are born without it or do not experience tearing at first intercourse

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9
Q

What are urinary tract infections (UTIs) and their signs? How can they be prevented?

A

usually caused by bacteria from the colon, which can be transmitted during sexual activity

  • Signs include increased urinary frequency and burning during urination
  • Prevention measures include wiping front to back, washing hands before touching genitals, and urinating after sex
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10
Q

What are the effects of douching and feminine hygiene sprays?

A
  • Douching, which involves rinsing out the vagina, is unnecessary for hygiene and can lead to vaginal irritation.
  • Feminine hygiene sprays have the potential to lead to ovarian cancer
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11
Q

Describe the vagina and its functions

A

vagina is a tube of tissue extending from the external genitalia to the cervix. It facilitates the passage of the penis and sperm during sexual intercourse, while also allowing menstrual fluid and babies to travel down. It expands during intercourse and childbirth, and its walls create secretions to maintain chemical balance and provide lubrication during sexual arousal

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12
Q

What is the Grafenberg spot and where is it located?

A

the size of a dime in the lower third of the vagina, towards the front, just beyond the pubic bone. Stimulation of this spot can cause pleasure, sometimes resulting in up to 4 ounces of ejaculate

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13
Q

What is vaginitis and how can it be prevented?

A

refers to inflammation of the vagina, often due to antibiotics, irritation, or factors like fatigue and poor diet.
- Signs include abnormal discharge, burning, itching, and urinary urgency.

  • Prevention methods include washing with soap, wearing cotton underwear, and reducing carbohydrate intake
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14
Q

Describe the uterus and its functions.

A

grows babies and is usually pear-shaped, measuring about 3 inches long, 2 inches wide, and 1 inch thick. It has three layers: perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium. The mucus transports sperm through the os during ovulation and blocks the os during infertile times of the cycle

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15
Q

What is the cervix?

A

opening of the uterus

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16
Q

What is the endometrium and what happens to it during each menstrual cycle?

A

inner layer of the uterus, which sheds with each menstrual cycle

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17
Q

What are the risk factors associated with cervical cancer, and what is the recommended screening test?

A

more common among women who begin sexual activity early, have multiple partners, and/or have contracted HIV. The recommended screening test is a Pap smear.

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18
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity

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19
Q

How is endometrial cancer signaled, and what is the survival rate if caught early?

A

signaled by abnormal bleeding, and the survival rate is 95% if caught before metastasis

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20
Q

What are the functions of the ovaries, and what structures do they contain?

A

ovaries produce ova (eggs) and hormones. They contain follicles, which are cellular sacs surrounding each ovum, and the corpus luteum, which is the follicle after the release of the ovum, continuing to produce hormones

21
Q

What are ovarian cysts, and how are they typically resolved?

A

an occur when a mature follicle fails to release an egg, potentially causing swelling and pain. Most resolve without treatment.

22
Q

Follicle

A

cellular sac surrounding each ovum

23
Q

Corpus luteum

A

follicle after release of ovum
continues producing hormones

24
Q

What is polycystic ovarian disease, and how is it treated?

A

can impair fertility and is treated with hormones

25
Q

Why is ovarian cancer considered the most deadly form of reproductive cancer among women?

A

considered the most deadly form of reproductive cancer among women because its symptoms are vague, making early detection uncommon

26
Q

Describe the structure and function of the fallopian tubes

A

The fallopian tubes transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus. They are about 4 inches long and trumpet-shaped, with finger-like projections called fimbriae that corral released ova into the tubes

27
Q

What is an oophorectomy?

A

surgical removal of the ovaries

28
Q

What is the role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the reproductive system?

A

secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate the maturation of the egg cell

29
Q

Define ovulation

A

process of releasing a mature ovum into the fallopian tube each month and tends to occur 14 days before the start of the next period

30
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

menstrual phase
proliferative phase
secretory phase

  • 24-42 days (28 average)
31
Q

Describe the characteristics of the menstrual phase

A

if fertilization hasn’t occurred, marked by drops in levels of estrogen and progesterone triggering the shedding of endometrial tissues over 2 to 7 days

32
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase?

A

a rise in the level of FSH causes several follicles to develop, producing estrogen, which thickens the endometrium.
- A peak in estrogen triggers the pituitary to reduce FSH and release luteinizing hormone, resulting in ovulation.

33
Q

Explain the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

A

continued LH causes the ruptured follicle to transform into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone, thickening the endometrium. If no egg implants, the pituitary stops producing LH and FSH, causing the corpus luteum to degenerate, restarting the cycle

34
Q

What is the function of luteinizing hormone (LH)?

A

stimulates the ovaries and testes, released by the pituitary gland due to a peak in estrogen during the proliferative phase

35
Q

Define dysmenorrhea

A

refers to pain during menstruation

36
Q

What does amenorrhea signify?

A

indicates the absence of menstruation

37
Q

What is a hysterectomy, and why is it performed?

A

surgical removal of the uterus, performed to treat conditions such as cancer, severe PID, endometriosis, fibroid tumors, or rare complications of pregnancy

38
Q

What is menarche?

A

refers to the onset of menstruation, typically occurring around the age of 12 in the US, with variations from 8 to 15 years, influenced by general health and heredity

39
Q

Describe perimenopause

A

the individually varying transition from regular menstruation to menopause

40
Q

What are the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

A

symptoms can include bloating and pain, affecting 80-95% of women

41
Q

What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and how is it treated?

A

affects 5% of women and involves emotional, behavioral, physical, and cognitive symptoms that significantly interfere with functioning. It is treated with SSRIs and/or hormonal birth control

42
Q

Define menopause and describe its signs

A

the cessation of menstruation, typically accompanied by signs such as hot flashes and vaginal changes like dryness.

  • the average age of onset is around 51 years
43
Q

What are the functions of the mammary glands, and how many are present per breast?

A

produce milk and there are typically 15-25 per breast

44
Q

Areola

A

pigmented ring around nipple

45
Q

Describe hormone replacement therapy (HRT), its advantages, disadvantages, and current recommendations

A

involves taking synthetic estrogen and/or progesterone

advantages:
- reduces hot flashes and osteoporosis
- may help reduce menopausal symptoms

disadvantages:
- increases risk of breast cancer, heart disease, stroke, dementia, blot clots, death from cancer

current recommendations:
- use lowest therapeutic dose, short-term only

46
Q

What are the benefits of breastfeeding, and what is recommended regarding exclusive breastfeeding?

A

provides superior nutrition compared to formula and cow’s milk and is associated with reduced obesity, higher IQ, and better resistance for the baby. Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months and continuing to at least the first birthday.

47
Q

Discuss breast cancer, its risk factors, treatment, and survival rate.

A

most common form of cancer in women

risk factors:
- age
- family history
- longer exposure to estrogen (early menarche, late menopause, no pregnancies or first after 30)

treatment:
- surgery (mastectomy, lumpectomy)
- chemotherapy
- radiation
- meds

five-year survival rate: 90%

48
Q

What is a mastectomy?

A

surgical removal of a breast

49
Q

How can breast cancer be prevented, and what is mammography?

A

Prevention methods include annual mammograms beginning at age 45 for average-risk women, along with breast awareness to recognize normal features.

Mammography is radiographic imaging of the breast used to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells.

cyaf 471 (7 decks)

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