Sex Hormones

Question 1

-arche

Answer 1

onset of

Question 2

Puberty male secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 2

Deepening of voice
Hair growth
Sweat gland composition - acne
Changes to external genitalia

Question 3

Puberty female secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 3

Breast development
Hair growth
Sweat gland composition - acne
Changes to external genitalia

Question 4

Puberty in girls age main marker

Answer 4

8-13 breast development Thearche

Question 5

puberty in boys age main marker

Answer 5

9-14 testicular volume

Question 6

adrenarche happens about — years before onset of puberty

Answer 6

2

Question 7

Amenorrhoea

Answer 7

absence of periods

no periods for 3-6 months or less than 3 a year

Question 8

Oligo-amenorrhoea

Answer 8

irregular or infrequent >35 days

4-9 cycles per year

Question 9

Follicular phase

Answer 9

FSH rises, follicles start to grow
Produce E2 and inhibin B - neg feedback of FSH
Only dominant follicle survives - less FSH dependant

Question 10

Follicular phase (pre-ovulatory phase)

Answer 10

Dominant graafian follicle
E2 increasing
switch to +ve feedback by E2
Induces LH surge 
Ovulation

Question 11

Luteal Phase

Answer 11

Corpus luteum formed

Produces progesterone and oestradiol

Question 12

Hormone released by embryo to support corpus luteum

Answer 12

b-HCG

Question 13

Continuous non-pulsatile administration of GnRH leads to

Answer 13

decreased LH/FSH secretion

Question 14

GnRH pulsatility during follicular phase

Answer 14

90-120 mins

Question 15

GnRH pulsatility during luteal phase

Answer 15

180-240 mins due to negative feedback effect of progesterone

Question 16

Pathophysiology and detection of primary hypogonadism

Answer 16

Low E2 / testosterone
Reduced neg feedback to pituitary and hypothalamus
Therefore increase LH/FSH levels in blood.

Question 17

Causes of primary hypogonadism male

Answer 17

infection
trauma
cancer of testes

Question 18

Causes of primary hypogonadism female

Answer 18

Menopause - also low inhibin since reduced no of gametes
especially high FSH
if was to do with sex steroids then higher LH

Question 19

Detection of secondary hypogonadism

Answer 19

Low or normal (should be increased if sex hormones are low anyway) LH/FSH
in the presence of low E2/testosterone

Question 20

Causes of secondary hypogonadism

Answer 20

pituitary tumour

high prolactin

Question 21

Menopause symptoms

Answer 21

Lack of Estradiol
Skin dryness / Hair thinning
Hot flushes / sweating / sleep disturbance
Mood
Osteoporosis
Sexual dysfunction
Weight gain
Amenorrhoea / irregular in leading up to menopause

Question 22

Treatment of menopause

Answer 22

Oestrogen replacement

Add progesterone to reduce risk of endometrial hyperplasia / cancer (growing too much due to oestrogen)

Question 23

AMH level shows

Answer 23

Ovarian reserve (how many eggs left)

Question 24

Menopause age

Answer 24

45-55
mean 51
before 40 is premature

Question 25

Causes of premature ovarian insufficiency

Answer 25

Autoimmune
Genetic
Cancer therapy

Question 26

hypogonadism male symptoms

Answer 26

erectile dysfunction
loss of libido 
depressed mood
low sperm count 
lethargy
decreased muscle mass and strength
breast enlargement
hair loss

Question 27

Manopause

Answer 27

total testosterone stable
SHBG increased
therefore free testosterone decreased

Question 28

Testosterone levels in day

Answer 28

Diurnal
measure in morning
fasted - sugar can reduce

Question 29

Testosterone and enzymes, cells contain to convert

Answer 29

aromatase - oestrogens (adipose/adrenal glands)

5a - reductase - Di hydro testosterone DHT. (testes / prostate)

Question 30

DHT

Answer 30

more potent for androgen receptors on prostate / skin / scalp / liver