Introduction to Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

Insulin activity on adipocytes

Answer 1

Insulin activates Lipoprotein Lipase, breaksdown triglycerides in bloodstream to Gly and NEFA.
Stimulates formation of triglycerides in cell.
Increases glucose uptake into cell.
Reduces breakdown of Triglycerides in cell.

Question 2

GH and Cortisol effects on adipocytes

Answer 2

Increase breakdown of Triglycerides to Gly and NEFA

Question 3

Ketone body production

Answer 3

Inhibited by glucose, stimulated by glucagon. Fatty acyl - coa to ketone bodies

Question 4

Oral glucose tolerance test

Answer 4

Fasting glucose

75g glucose load 2 hour wait then test

Question 5

HBA1c levels for diabetes

Answer 5

> 48mmol/mol

Question 6

Diabetic ketoacidosis levels

Answer 6

pH < 7.3, ketones +3, HCO3 < 15, glucose > 11

Question 7

Presentation of T1DM

Answer 7

Weightloss
Hyperglycaemia
Glycosuria with osmotic symptoms 
Polyuria
Nocturia
Polydipsia
Ketones in blood and urine

Question 8

Tests to distinguish t1dm from t2dm

Answer 8

Antibodies GAD, IA2

C peptide - high in t2

Question 9

Signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia

Answer 9

Initial autonomic - sweating, pallor, palpitations, shaking

Neuroglycopenic - slurred speech, poor vision, confusion, seizures, loss of consciousness

Question 10

Presentation of T2DM

Answer 10

Hyperglycaemia
Generally overweight
Generally older
Dyslipidaemia - changes in conc of lipids in blood
Other complications 
Maybe less osmotic symptoms than T1