Introduction to bone and soft tissue

Question 1

Appendicular bones

Answer 1

bones on outside

Question 2

axial bones

Answer 2

bones in the middle, around the axis

Question 3

Functions of skeletal system

Answer 3

movement, support, protection of organs, storage of calcium, haemopoesis

Question 4

Types of bone

Answer 4

short
long
flat
irregular
sutured
sesamoid

Question 5

Osteoblast

Answer 5

Bone forming
Secretes osteoid
Catalyse mineralisation of osteoid

Question 6

Osteocyte

Answer 6

mature bone cell
osteoblast that has become embedded into its secretions
sense mechanical strain to direct osteoclast and osteoblast activity

Question 7

Osteoclast

Answer 7

bone breaking
dissolve and reabsorb bone by phagocytosis
derived from bone marrow

Question 8

Organisation of bone

Answer 8

Osteons - repeated structural units.
Concentric lamellae around
Haversian canal - blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

Question 9

Lacunae

Answer 9

small spaces containing osteocytes, small canaliculi radiate from lacunae

Question 10

Volkmans canal

Answer 10

transverse canals, link haversian

Question 11

Osteogenic cell

Answer 11

bone stem cell

Question 12

Bone matrix inorganic %

Answer 12

60
calcium hydroxyapatite
osteocalcium phosphate

Question 13

bone matrix organic %

Answer 13

40
type 1 collagen 90%
ground substance 10%
- proteoglycans / glycoproteins / cytokine and growth factors

Question 14

Immature bone

Answer 14

woven

mineralised and replaced by mature bone

Question 15

Cortical lamellar bone

Answer 15

compact - dense

suitable for weight bearing

Question 16

Cancellous lamellar bone

Answer 16

spongy ‘honeycomb’ structure

not suitable for weight bearing

Question 17

Physis

Answer 17

growth plate

Question 18

Intramembranous ossification

Answer 18

skull clavicle and mandible - flat bone formation
development from fibrous membranes
mesenchymal cell template

Question 19

Endochondral ossification

Answer 19

long bone formation from hyaline cartilage.

longer than intramembranous ossification

Question 20

primary ossification centre

Answer 20

diaphysis

Question 21

secondary ossification centre

Answer 21

epiphysis

Question 22

Interstitial growth

Answer 22

long bone lengthening

Question 23

appositional growth

Answer 23

deposition of bone beneath periosteum to increase thickness

Question 24

collagen structure

Answer 24

collage fibres
collage fibriles
collagen molecules
amino acids wound in triple helix

Question 25

type 1 collagen

Answer 25

dermis
tendon
ligaments
bone

Question 26

type 2 collagen

Answer 26

cartilage
vitreous body
nucleus pulposus

Question 27

type 3 collagen

Answer 27

skin
vessel walls
reticular fibre of most tissues
- lung, liver, spleen

Question 28

type 3 collagen

Answer 28

skin
vessel walls
reticular fibre of most tissues
- lung, liver, spleen

Question 29

ligament contents

Answer 29

type 1 collagen 90%
type 3 collagen 9%
fibroblast cells 1%

Question 30

ligaments function

Answer 30

stabilise joint
enable proprioception
not densely innverated or vascularised

Question 31

meniscus cartilage is

Answer 31

fibrocartilage

Question 32

trade off in joints

Answer 32

more mobility means less stability

Question 33

features of the shoulder joint making it prone to subluxation / dislocation

Answer 33

shallow socket
weak joint capsule
lack of strong ligaments
greater mobility

Question 34

types of joints

Answer 34

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial