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Term 2 Med School > Male and female reproductive systems > Flashcards

Male and female reproductive systems Flashcards

1
Q

contents of seminal fluid

A

fructose and citric acid - nutrients
bicarbonate - neutralise acidic vagina
fibrinogen
finbrinolytic enzymes

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2
Q

muscles in penis

A

2x corpora cavernosa

1x corpora spongiosum

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3
Q

Point and Shoot

A

erection - parasympathetic stim

ejaculation - sympathetic stimulation

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4
Q

Testes reproductive hormone production

A

Androgens - testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione
Inhibin - inhibit FSH from pituitary
Oestrogen

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5
Q

Sertolli cell within seminiferous tubules

A

support developing germ cell
movement of germ cells to tubular lumen / transfer nutrients from capillaries to germ cells / phagocytosis of damaged germ cells.
Hormone - inhibin / activin - and + FSH. Anti-mullerian hormone. Androgen binding protein.

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6
Q

Leydig cells between seminiferous tubules

A

LH stimulates androgen secretion: testosterone / androstenedione / dehydroepiandrosterone (can be aromatised to oestrogen)

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7
Q

Oogonia to primary oocytes

A

2nd trimester of pregnancy

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8
Q

oogenesis

A

oogonium to primary oocytes
2nd oocytes + 1st polar body
ootids + 2nd polar body
Ova

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9
Q

folliculogenesis

A 
primary follicle
secondary follicle
mature follice - 2nd oocyte formed
ruptures surface of ovary 
corpus luteum - release progesterone and oestrogen
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10
Q

progesterone and oestrogen release in successful pregnancy (after 40 days since maintained by hCG from )

A

placenta takes over from corpus luteum makes progesterone / oestrogen -from DHEAS (from mother or fetus) and human placental lactogen

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11
Q

ovary reproductive hormones produced

A 
oestrogen 
progestogens
androgens
relaxin - relax cervix prepare for childbirth 
inhibin
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12
Q

theca outer cells

A

support folliculogenesis - structure and nutritional support of growing follicle
Hormone synthesis :
LH stimulate synthesis of androgens

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13
Q

granulosa inner cell

A

hormone:
FSH stimulates conversion of androgens to oestrogen (aromatase) / secrete inhibin and activin.
Post ovulation :
turn into granulosa lutein cells - produce progesterone (promote pregnancy maintain endometrium) and relaxin.

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14
Q

hormone that stimulates synthesis of androgens in theca cells

A

LH

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15
Q

Sertolli cell and leydig cell receptor types

A

SC - FSH

LC - LH

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16
Q

Hypothalamic - Pituitary - Gonadal axis

A

Kisspeptin ns pulse stimulation
GnRH ns - hypophyseal portal circulation to
Gonadotrophs
Release LH and FSH
Stimulate gonads
Release testosterone / oestrogen
which give feedback to anterior pituitary and kisspeptin ns

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17
Q

Hyperprolactinaemia mechanism

A

prolactin binds to receptors on kisspeptin neurones
inhibits kisspeptin release
prevents downstream production of sex hormones

18
Q

Hyperprolactinaemia symptoms

A

low libido / infertility / osteoporosis / oligo-amenorrhoea

19
Q

Phases of menstrual cycle

A

Follicular phase / ovulation / luteal phase

20
Q

follicular phase

A

LH and FSH slowly rise - lead to more oestrogen gets to a high point / switch to positive feedback causes LH surge / ovulation

21
Q

luteal phase

A

progesterone increases until corpus luteum dies

22
Q

Uterine cycle phases

A

menstrual phase / proliferative phase / secretory phase

23
Q

mechanism of changing constituents of sperm

A

oestrogen -tubular fluid reabsorption to concentrate sperm induced
androgens - fructose and glycoproteins secreted into the epididymal fluid induced

24
Q

contribution to seminal fluid from

A

epididymis / testes
seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral glands

25
Q

negative pH of vagina

A

oestrogen causes secretion of glycogens into vagina converted by lacto bacilli into acid

26
Q

Capacitation of sperm

gives ability to fertilise

A

loss of glycoprotein coat
change in surface membrane characteristics
develop whiplash movements of tail.

takes place in ionic and proteolytic environment of fallopian tube.
oestrogen and Ca2+ dependent

27
Q

Widest part of fallopian tube where fertilisation occurs

A

ampulla

28
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

sperm binds to ZP3
Ca2+ influx to sperm
release of hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes from acrosome leading to penetration.

29
Q

Fertilisation preventing more than one sperm

A

triggers cortical reaction.

cortical granules release molecules which degrade zona pellucida (ZP2/3)

30
Q

implantation phases

A

attachment phase / decidualisation phase

requires progesterone domination in the presence of oestrogen

31
Q

implantation attachment phase and molecules

A

outer trophoblast cells contact uterine surface epithelium.
LIF - leukaemia inhibitory factor stimulates adhesion of blastocyst to endometrial cells
IL 11 also release from endometrial cells

32
Q

implantation decidualisation phase

A

changes in underlying uterine stromal tissue due to progesterone :
glandular epithelial secretion
glycogen accumulation in stromal cell cytoplasm
growth of capillaries
increased vascular permeability
IL 11 involved ( promotes angiogenesis)

33
Q

hCG spike initial pregnancy

A

acts on LH receptors to maintain corpus luteum for 40 days

34
Q

placenta hormone changes during pregnancy

A

slow increase in progesterone / oestrogen / human placental lactogen - alters metabolism to accomodate for baby

35
Q

Maternal increase hormones in pregnancy

A 
ACTH
Adrenal steroids
Prolactin - hyperprolactinaemia
IGF1 simulated by placental GH variant
Iodothronines
PTH related peptides
36
Q

Maternal decrease in hormones in pregnancy

A

gonadotrophins
pituitary GH
TSH

37
Q

Parturition hormone control

A

oxytocin -
uterine contraction
cervical dilation
milk ejection

38
Q

endocrine control of lactation

A

mechanical stimulation
afferent signals stimulate oxytocin releasing neurone activity and inhibit dopamine release
less dopamine leads to less inhibition.
oxytocin neurones stimulate oxytocin secretion

39
Q

sertolli cell function

A

support developing germ cells

hormone synthesis - inhibin, activin, anti-mullerhian hormone and androgen binding hormone

40
Q

leydig cell function

A

hormone synthesis

LH stimulates production of androgens

41
Q

theca cells function

A

LH receptors
synthesis of androgens
androstenedione
oestrogen

42
Q

theca cells location

A

outer ovarian follicles

Term 2 Med School (11 decks)

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