Male and female reproductive systems

Question 1

contents of seminal fluid

Answer 1

fructose and citric acid - nutrients
bicarbonate - neutralise acidic vagina
fibrinogen
finbrinolytic enzymes

Question 2

muscles in penis

Answer 2

2x corpora cavernosa

1x corpora spongiosum

Question 3

Point and Shoot

Answer 3

erection - parasympathetic stim

ejaculation - sympathetic stimulation

Question 4

Testes reproductive hormone production

Answer 4

Androgens - testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione
Inhibin - inhibit FSH from pituitary
Oestrogen

Question 5

Sertolli cell within seminiferous tubules

Answer 5

support developing germ cell
movement of germ cells to tubular lumen / transfer nutrients from capillaries to germ cells / phagocytosis of damaged germ cells.
Hormone - inhibin / activin - and + FSH. Anti-mullerian hormone. Androgen binding protein.

Question 6

Leydig cells between seminiferous tubules

Answer 6

LH stimulates androgen secretion: testosterone / androstenedione / dehydroepiandrosterone (can be aromatised to oestrogen)

Question 7

Oogonia to primary oocytes

Answer 7

2nd trimester of pregnancy

Question 8

oogenesis

Answer 8

oogonium to primary oocytes
2nd oocytes + 1st polar body
ootids + 2nd polar body
Ova

Question 9

folliculogenesis

Answer 9

primary follicle
secondary follicle
mature follice - 2nd oocyte formed
ruptures surface of ovary 
corpus luteum - release progesterone and oestrogen

Question 10

progesterone and oestrogen release in successful pregnancy (after 40 days since maintained by hCG from )

Answer 10

placenta takes over from corpus luteum makes progesterone / oestrogen -from DHEAS (from mother or fetus) and human placental lactogen

Question 11

ovary reproductive hormones produced

Answer 11

oestrogen 
progestogens
androgens
relaxin - relax cervix prepare for childbirth 
inhibin

Question 12

theca outer cells

Answer 12

support folliculogenesis - structure and nutritional support of growing follicle
Hormone synthesis :
LH stimulate synthesis of androgens

Question 13

granulosa inner cell

Answer 13

hormone:
FSH stimulates conversion of androgens to oestrogen (aromatase) / secrete inhibin and activin.
Post ovulation :
turn into granulosa lutein cells - produce progesterone (promote pregnancy maintain endometrium) and relaxin.

Question 14

hormone that stimulates synthesis of androgens in theca cells

Answer 14

LH

Question 15

Sertolli cell and leydig cell receptor types

Answer 15

SC - FSH

LC - LH

Question 16

Hypothalamic - Pituitary - Gonadal axis

Answer 16

Kisspeptin ns pulse stimulation
GnRH ns - hypophyseal portal circulation to
Gonadotrophs
Release LH and FSH
Stimulate gonads
Release testosterone / oestrogen
which give feedback to anterior pituitary and kisspeptin ns

Question 17

Hyperprolactinaemia mechanism

Answer 17

prolactin binds to receptors on kisspeptin neurones
inhibits kisspeptin release
prevents downstream production of sex hormones

Question 18

Hyperprolactinaemia symptoms

Answer 18

low libido / infertility / osteoporosis / oligo-amenorrhoea

Question 19

Phases of menstrual cycle

Answer 19

Follicular phase / ovulation / luteal phase

Question 20

follicular phase

Answer 20

LH and FSH slowly rise - lead to more oestrogen gets to a high point / switch to positive feedback causes LH surge / ovulation

Question 21

luteal phase

Answer 21

progesterone increases until corpus luteum dies

Question 22

Uterine cycle phases

Answer 22

menstrual phase / proliferative phase / secretory phase

Question 23

mechanism of changing constituents of sperm

Answer 23

oestrogen -tubular fluid reabsorption to concentrate sperm induced
androgens - fructose and glycoproteins secreted into the epididymal fluid induced

Question 24

contribution to seminal fluid from

Answer 24

epididymis / testes
seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral glands

Question 25

negative pH of vagina

Answer 25

oestrogen causes secretion of glycogens into vagina converted by lacto bacilli into acid

Question 26

Capacitation of sperm | gives ability to fertilise

Answer 26

loss of glycoprotein coat change in surface membrane characteristics develop whiplash movements of tail. takes place in ionic and proteolytic environment of fallopian tube. oestrogen and Ca2+ dependent

Question 27

Widest part of fallopian tube where fertilisation occurs

Answer 27

ampulla

Question 28

Acrosome reaction

Answer 28

sperm binds to ZP3 Ca2+ influx to sperm release of hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes from acrosome leading to penetration.

Question 29

Fertilisation preventing more than one sperm

Answer 29

triggers cortical reaction. | cortical granules release molecules which degrade zona pellucida (ZP2/3)

Question 30

implantation phases

Answer 30

attachment phase / decidualisation phase | requires progesterone domination in the presence of oestrogen

Question 31

implantation attachment phase and molecules

Answer 31

outer trophoblast cells contact uterine surface epithelium. LIF - leukaemia inhibitory factor stimulates adhesion of blastocyst to endometrial cells IL 11 also release from endometrial cells

Question 32

implantation decidualisation phase

Answer 32

changes in underlying uterine stromal tissue due to progesterone : glandular epithelial secretion glycogen accumulation in stromal cell cytoplasm growth of capillaries increased vascular permeability IL 11 involved ( promotes angiogenesis)

Question 33

hCG spike initial pregnancy

Answer 33

acts on LH receptors to maintain corpus luteum for 40 days

Question 34

placenta hormone changes during pregnancy

Answer 34

slow increase in progesterone / oestrogen / human placental lactogen - alters metabolism to accomodate for baby

Question 35

Maternal increase hormones in pregnancy

Answer 35

``` ACTH Adrenal steroids Prolactin - hyperprolactinaemia IGF1 simulated by placental GH variant Iodothronines PTH related peptides ```

Question 36

Maternal decrease in hormones in pregnancy

Answer 36

gonadotrophins pituitary GH TSH

Question 37

Parturition hormone control

Answer 37

oxytocin - uterine contraction cervical dilation milk ejection

Question 38

endocrine control of lactation

Answer 38

mechanical stimulation afferent signals stimulate oxytocin releasing neurone activity and inhibit dopamine release less dopamine leads to less inhibition. oxytocin neurones stimulate oxytocin secretion

Question 39

sertolli cell function

Answer 39

support developing germ cells | hormone synthesis - inhibin, activin, anti-mullerhian hormone and androgen binding hormone

Question 40

leydig cell function

Answer 40

hormone synthesis | LH stimulates production of androgens

Question 41

theca cells function

Answer 41

LH receptors synthesis of androgens androstenedione oestrogen

Question 42

theca cells location

Answer 42

outer ovarian follicles