Sex Hormones Flashcards
How many hormones secreted by the ovary
11 hormones
Estrogen
Progesterone
Androgens
Inhibin
Relaxin ‘
Activin
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Pro-renin
Follistatin
Prostaglandins = Paracrine .
Androgens in females sources highest from
Peripheral conversion of androstenedione 50%
Adrenal glands 25%
Ovary 25%
Markers of Cl function
17 -hydroxyl progesterone
Relaxin
True or false
17 hydroxyprogesterone is secreted by the placenta
No it’s secreted only by th CL
Mention the three types of estrogen in pregnancy and menopause and reproductive age
In pregnancy estriol
In menopause estrione
Estradiol
Most active form of estrogen is
Estradiol .
Estrogen forms are secreted by 7 organs mention all of them
Ovary ;CL / developing follicle .
Placenta
Adrenal glands
Liver
Breast
Adipose tissue
Placenta produces estrogen from which primary component
Fro 16-oh dhea .
Site of estrogen metabolism in the body; the arrangement of the 3 forms
Excretion of the estrogen from the body as
It’s metabolized in the liver ‘
Estradiol E2—> estrione E1 ——-> estriol E3.
Estrogen is excreted from the body as estriol gluci]ori]onide
Estrogen has 2 main subtypes receptors
Which one is found on the endothelial cells
Alpha ; found on the endothelial cells
Beta .
In the plasma estrogen is bound to
1 SHBG
2 Albumin
How does estrogen works
It works by genomic expression .
Effects of estrogen on CVS
Vasodilator by increasing NO
Prevention of atherosclerosis
Effect of estrogen on the bone and it’s relation with the PTH
It increases bone density ; decreases resorption of the bone antagonizing PTH effect
Fusion of epiphysesl plates
Effect of estrogen on the GIT
Decrease the motility of the GIT
Increase bile excretion .
Effect of estrogen on the clotting factors
It increases clotting factors 2,7,9,10 plasminogen
Increase plots adhesiveness
Decreases antithrombin 3
Thus increase risk of clotting
Metabolic changes caused by estrogen
1 ) increase HDL’
2) decreases LDL
3) increase TAG synthesis .
4) decrease cholesterol
Effect of estrogen on skin
It increases pheomelanin such increasing pigmentation of the skin
Nipples
Areola
Genital area
Effect of estrogen on the kidney
Increase sodium and water retention
Effect of estrogen on the endometrium
It leads to proliferation of the endometrium
Sources of progesterone
Plant discordant Mexicans
Adrenal glands
Corpus luteum
Placenta .
Storage of progesterone is in
Adipose tissue
Metabolism of the progesterone is in / converted to
Excretion is by ——— as ———
Etabolism is in the lives to pregnendiol
Excretion from the kidney as pregandiol glucoronide
Progesterone in the plasma is bound to
CBG
Albumin .
Level of progesterone
Preovulation ——- ng /ml
Postovulatory ——-ng/ml
At term ———ng/ml
At term amount of progesterone produced by the placenta daily
<2
>5
100-200
250 ml / day at term placenta production of progesterone
Which hormone inhibits lactation during pregnancy
Progesterone
Effect of progesterone on the endometrium , Cervical mucous , body temp , uterine CxN
It changes the endometrium from proliferative to secretory
Thickens Cervical mucous
Increase body core temp after ovulation
Prevents uterine cxns until term
Progesterone is it’s catabolic or anabolic
Does it increase or decrease the appetite
It’s catabolic increase appetite
The effect of progesterone on aldosterone and angiotensin 2
Increase aldosterone thus causing NA and water retention
Decreases responsiveness to the casopressor angiotensin 2
Progesterone effect on CO2
Ventilator sensitivity to CO2
Arterial and venous PCO2
It increase ventilator responsiveness to pCO2
And it decreases the arterial and venous PCO2
Which hormone is neuroprotective and can be used as treatment for multiple sclerosis and demyelination halts in pregnancy
Progesterone
Inhibin is which type of hormone and w]from which family
Inhibin is a peptide hormone from the growth factors family TGFb
Types of inhibin
Inhibin A
Inhibin B
Both types of inhibin are secreted from where
Secreted from the granulosa cells in the ovary
Effect of inhibin is on the FSh or on the LH or both
It inhibits fsh selectively , doesn’t inhibit LH
Cause of LH surge in the midcycle
Inhibin B
Where does inhibin produced
PGP
Pituitary gland
Placenta
Gonads
What are quad screen
Done for which syndrome
Results of +ve
When is]ts done during pregnancy
It’s done during the 1st trimester
For screening for Down syndrome
Increased inhibin Aincreased bhcg decreases alpha fetoprotein decreased et\striol
Which inhibits is part of the squad
Inhibin A
مين. اخو ال inhibin
Member of the peptide hormone TgF b family
The activin
مين بحب ال fsh ويقوي مفعولها وبكره الباقي
Activin augments fsh action in the ovary
Activin increase fsh secretion from the pituitary
Activin sources
Granulosa cells of the ovary 1
Gonadotropes of the pituitary .
What does Activin inhibits
It inhibits the GH., prolactin , ACTH responses
Relaxin hormone produced by
Placenta , CL , ovary, prostate , breast
2 hormones till now secreted by the breast
Relaxin and estrogen
3 major fxns of the relaxin hormone
1 ) relaxes pelvis ligaments in pregnancy
2 ) play a role in Cervical dilation
30 prevent myometrial muscle contractions .
Testes secretes 3 main hormones
Testosterone
Estradiol
DHT
3 minor hormones secreted by the testis
DHEA
Androstenedione
Estrione
Pregnenalolne
Progesterone
17 alpha hydroxyl progesterone
17 alpha hydroxypregnenaolne .
Testosterone bid it anabolic or catabolic hormone
It’s relation with the u]insulin
Is anabolic hormone
Increases insulin protein synthesis muscle synthesis biosynthesis
Testosterone is secreted from
Testis ; leyding cells
Ovary Theca cells
Adrenal gel ands reticular is
Placenta cytoplasm or synsytiotrophoblast .
% of testosterone freely in the plasma
% of testosterone bound to SHBG
% of testosterone bound to albumin
2% free testosterone
60 % bound to SHBG
38% bound to albumin .
From which layer of the placenta does testosterone secreted
Cyto or synsytiotrophoblast ,
Effects of testosterone on the tissues is via which mechanisms
Is via 2 mechanisms
1 by activation of nuclear androgen receptors
2 by aromtization in the brain and bone of testosterone to estradiol
What transforms testosterone into DHT
5 alpha reductase
Testosterone is excreted as what
And by which organ
By the kidney as 17 ketosteroids .
How many isfoorms of 5 alpha reductase
2 iso forms
5alpha reductase Is produced in 5 site s
Epbss
Epidedymis
Skin
Seminal vesicless
Prostate
Brian .
What is most imp hormone for male development and it’s decreases levels will result in ambiguous genitalia
DHT , defieciency in 5 alpha reductase result in decreased levels of DHT and thus ambiguous genitalia .
Deficiency in 5 alpha reductase causes
Gynecomastia
Ambiguous genitalia
Decreases DHT levels
Increased testosterone levels
Steroids are active in the bound form or the unbound form
Steroids are inactive in the bound form .
Define SHBG structure which type of globin is
What does it transport
Produced by what
On which chromosomes
It’s a beta globin
Transport estradiol testosterone DHT
On chromosome 17 .
Synthesized by the liver
Where does the SHBG levels higher males or female
In the females is higher .
SHBG is how many dimers
Glycosylated dimmer protein
Factors that increase SHBG
Estrogen and thyroid
Being a female takin clomid then takin OCPs
Anorexia nervosa
Hepatic cirrhosis
Tamoxifen
Phenytoin
Pregnancy does it increase or decrease the SHBG
It increases SHBG .
Things that decrease level of SHBG
Obesity , hypothyroidism , glucocorticoids, PCOs , exogenous androgens , GH
Progestins
Cushing syndrome , nephrotic syndrome , acromegaly
Testosterone
