Sex Hormones Flashcards by Sally Awad

How many hormones secreted by the ovary

11 hormones
Estrogen
Progesterone
Androgens
Inhibin
Relaxin ‘
Activin
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Pro-renin
Follistatin
Prostaglandins = Paracrine .

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Androgens in females sources highest from

Peripheral conversion of androstenedione 50%
Adrenal glands 25%
Ovary 25%

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Markers of Cl function

17 -hydroxyl progesterone
Relaxin

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True or false
17 hydroxyprogesterone is secreted by the placenta

No it’s secreted only by th CL

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Mention the three types of estrogen in pregnancy and menopause and reproductive age

In pregnancy estriol
In menopause estrione
Estradiol

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Most active form of estrogen is

Estradiol .

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Estrogen forms are secreted by 7 organs mention all of them

Ovary ;CL / developing follicle .
Placenta
Adrenal glands
Liver
Breast
Adipose tissue

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Placenta produces estrogen from which primary component

Fro 16-oh dhea .

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Site of estrogen metabolism in the body; the arrangement of the 3 forms
Excretion of the estrogen from the body as

It’s metabolized in the liver ‘
Estradiol E2—> estrione E1 ——-> estriol E3.
Estrogen is excreted from the body as estriol gluci]ori]onide

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Estrogen has 2 main subtypes receptors
Which one is found on the endothelial cells

Alpha ; found on the endothelial cells
Beta .

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In the plasma estrogen is bound to

1 SHBG
2 Albumin

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How does estrogen works

It works by genomic expression .

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Effects of estrogen on CVS

Vasodilator by increasing NO
Prevention of atherosclerosis

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Effect of estrogen on the bone and it’s relation with the PTH

It increases bone density ; decreases resorption of the bone antagonizing PTH effect
Fusion of epiphysesl plates

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Effect of estrogen on the GIT

Decrease the motility of the GIT
Increase bile excretion .

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Effect of estrogen on the clotting factors

It increases clotting factors 2,7,9,10 plasminogen
Increase plots adhesiveness
Decreases antithrombin 3
Thus increase risk of clotting

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Metabolic changes caused by estrogen

1 ) increase HDL’
2) decreases LDL
3) increase TAG synthesis .
4) decrease cholesterol

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Effect of estrogen on skin

It increases pheomelanin such increasing pigmentation of the skin
Nipples
Areola
Genital area

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Effect of estrogen on the kidney

Increase sodium and water retention

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Effect of estrogen on the endometrium

It leads to proliferation of the endometrium

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Sources of progesterone

Plant discordant Mexicans
Adrenal glands
Corpus luteum
Placenta .

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Storage of progesterone is in

Adipose tissue

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Metabolism of the progesterone is in / converted to
Excretion is by ——— as ———

Etabolism is in the lives to pregnendiol
Excretion from the kidney as pregandiol glucoronide

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Progesterone in the plasma is bound to

CBG
Albumin .

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Level of progesterone Preovulation ——- ng /ml Postovulatory ——-ng/ml At term ———ng/ml At term amount of progesterone produced by the placenta daily

<2 >5 100-200 250 ml / day at term placenta production of progesterone

Which hormone inhibits lactation during pregnancy

Progesterone

Effect of progesterone on the endometrium , Cervical mucous , body temp , uterine CxN

It changes the endometrium from proliferative to secretory Thickens Cervical mucous Increase body core temp after ovulation Prevents uterine cxns until term

Progesterone is it’s catabolic or anabolic Does it increase or decrease the appetite

It’s catabolic increase appetite

The effect of progesterone on aldosterone and angiotensin 2

Increase aldosterone thus causing NA and water retention Decreases responsiveness to the casopressor angiotensin 2

Progesterone effect on CO2 Ventilator sensitivity to CO2 Arterial and venous PCO2

It increase ventilator responsiveness to pCO2 And it decreases the arterial and venous PCO2

Which hormone is neuroprotective and can be used as treatment for multiple sclerosis and demyelination halts in pregnancy

Progesterone

Inhibin is which type of hormone and w]from which family

Inhibin is a peptide hormone from the growth factors family TGFb

Types of inhibin

Inhibin A Inhibin B

Both types of inhibin are secreted from where

Secreted from the granulosa cells in the ovary

Effect of inhibin is on the FSh or on the LH or both

It inhibits fsh selectively , doesn’t inhibit LH

Cause of LH surge in the midcycle

Inhibin B

Where does inhibin produced

PGP Pituitary gland Placenta Gonads

What are quad screen Done for which syndrome Results of +ve When is]ts done during pregnancy

It’s done during the 1st trimester For screening for Down syndrome Increased inhibin Aincreased bhcg decreases alpha fetoprotein decreased et\striol

Which inhibits is part of the squad

Inhibin A

مين. اخو ال inhibin Member of the peptide hormone TgF b family

The activin

مين بحب ال fsh ويقوي مفعولها وبكره الباقي

Activin augments fsh action in the ovary Activin increase fsh secretion from the pituitary

Activin sources

Granulosa cells of the ovary 1 Gonadotropes of the pituitary .

What does Activin inhibits

It inhibits the GH., prolactin , ACTH responses

Relaxin hormone produced by

Placenta , CL , ovary, prostate , breast

2 hormones till now secreted by the breast

Relaxin and estrogen

3 major fxns of the relaxin hormone

1 ) relaxes pelvis ligaments in pregnancy 2 ) play a role in Cervical dilation 30 prevent myometrial muscle contractions .

Testes secretes 3 main hormones

Testosterone Estradiol DHT

3 minor hormones secreted by the testis

DHEA Androstenedione Estrione Pregnenalolne Progesterone 17 alpha hydroxyl progesterone 17 alpha hydroxypregnenaolne .

Testosterone bid it anabolic or catabolic hormone It’s relation with the u]insulin

Is anabolic hormone Increases insulin protein synthesis muscle synthesis biosynthesis

Testosterone is secreted from

Testis ; leyding cells Ovary Theca cells Adrenal gel ands reticular is Placenta cytoplasm or synsytiotrophoblast .

% of testosterone freely in the plasma % of testosterone bound to SHBG % of testosterone bound to albumin

2% free testosterone 60 % bound to SHBG 38% bound to albumin .

From which layer of the placenta does testosterone secreted

Cyto or synsytiotrophoblast ,

Effects of testosterone on the tissues is via which mechanisms

Is via 2 mechanisms 1 by activation of nuclear androgen receptors 2 by aromtization in the brain and bone of testosterone to estradiol

What transforms testosterone into DHT

5 alpha reductase

Testosterone is excreted as what And by which organ

By the kidney as 17 ketosteroids .

How many isfoorms of 5 alpha reductase

2 iso forms

5alpha reductase Is produced in 5 site s Epbss

Epidedymis Skin Seminal vesicless Prostate Brian .

What is most imp hormone for male development and it’s decreases levels will result in ambiguous genitalia

DHT , defieciency in 5 alpha reductase result in decreased levels of DHT and thus ambiguous genitalia .

Deficiency in 5 alpha reductase causes

Gynecomastia Ambiguous genitalia Decreases DHT levels Increased testosterone levels

Steroids are active in the bound form or the unbound form

Steroids are inactive in the bound form .

Define SHBG structure which type of globin is What does it transport Produced by what On which chromosomes

It’s a beta globin Transport estradiol testosterone DHT On chromosome 17 . Synthesized by the liver

Where does the SHBG levels higher males or female

In the females is higher .

SHBG is how many dimers

Glycosylated dimmer protein

Factors that increase SHBG

Estrogen and thyroid Being a female takin clomid then takin OCPs Anorexia nervosa Hepatic cirrhosis Tamoxifen Phenytoin

Pregnancy does it increase or decrease the SHBG

It increases SHBG .

Things that decrease level of SHBG

Obesity , hypothyroidism , glucocorticoids, PCOs , exogenous androgens , GH Progestins Cushing syndrome , nephrotic syndrome , acromegaly Testosterone