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Endocrine Revision Notes > Pituatary Gland Hormones > Flashcards

Pituatary Gland Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Corticoyrophin related peptides from the ant pituitary

A

ACTH
MSH

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2
Q

Somatomamtrophic related peptides

A

GH
Prolactin

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3
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Fsh LH , TSH 2 alpha subunits and 2 beta subunits , same alpha, unique b subunit .

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4
Q

Fsh is which type of hormone
Secreted in response to what

A

Glycoproteins
Secreted in response to GNrH

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5
Q

Fsh has 2 subunits alpha and beta on shromosomes ?

A

Alpha subunit on chromosome 6
Beta subunit on chromosome 11

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6
Q

Fsh in high levels correlate to which diseases

A

Premature ovarian failure
Reduced ovarian reserve
CAh
Castration
Sew her syndrome .

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7
Q

Half life of fsh is

A

3-4 hours

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8
Q

Fsh receptors can be found on

A

Granulosa cells only

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9
Q

Functions of FSH

A

Maturation of germ cells
In female in the ovary stimulate development of Graafian follicle
On male : works on Sertoli cells to produce and synthesis and secrete inhibin.

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10
Q

Which type of hormone is the LH
How many subunits
On which chromosomes

A

Heterodimeric glycoprotein
Alpha subunit on chromosome 6
Beta subunit on chromosome 19

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11
Q

Alpha subunit is milieu in which glycoproteins
And how many amino acids does it contain , on which chromosome

A

Fsh , LH , bhcg , TSH
92 amino acids
On chromosome 6

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12
Q

Function of LH

A

Triggers ovulation
Prevernt regret ion of the cL (apoptosis )
Works i]on the leyding cells of the testis to produce testosterone .

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13
Q

Low levels of LH are caused by

A

Kallman syndrome
Hypopitutirism , hypothalamic suppression
Hyperprolactinemia

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14
Q

High levels of LH caused by

A

PCOS
Gonadal dysgenesis
Sewer syndrome
Premature menopause
cAH
Castration

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15
Q

Surge of LH is it biphasic or monophasic

A

It’s biphasic

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16
Q

Ovulation occurs AFTEr
——- hrs LH surge
——- hrs LH peak

A

36 hrs
16-26 h after peak

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17
Q

LH surge leads to

A

Progesterone production by the corpus luteum
Prostaglandin production ‘
Resumption of meiosis of the ovum

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18
Q

Half life of LH is

A

20 mins

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19
Q

Does LH stimulate production of estrogen or progesterone or both

A

Both

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20
Q

LH receptors or found on

A

Granulosa cells
Theca cells

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21
Q

When is the peaks of gonadotrophins

A

20 weeks intrauterine
1-2 month infancy

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22
Q

LH and testosterone levels increased in what duration of lif e

A

First 3- 6 month s of life

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23
Q

Which type of hormones is prolactin

A

Prolactin is a peptide hormone

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24
Q

How many amino acids in the prolactin

A

199 amino acid

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25
Q

Similer hormones to prolactin structurally

A

GH
HPL

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26
Q

On which chromosomes gene for prolactin present

A

On chromosome 6

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27
Q

Functions of prolactin hormone

A

Lactogenesis
Play a role in breast development

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28
Q

Prolactin rythuym cycle

A

Diurnal
Ovulatory

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29
Q

Prolactin inhibit which hormone

A

It inhibits GNrH , estrogen , testosterone .

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30
Q

Prolactin produced by. IBBD

A

Decidua
Breast
Brain
Immune system .

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31
Q

Which hormones responsible for alveolar morphogenesis

A

Pph
Progesterone prolactin
HPL

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32
Q

Which hormones responsible for duct Al morphogenesis of the breast

A

Estrogen and GH

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33
Q

GH actions are mediated by which factor

A

By IGF

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34
Q

GH is which type of hormones
No of amino acid
On which chromosome

A

Is a peptide hormone
191 aA
On chromosome 17

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35
Q

3 main function of GH

A

Anabolic = increase protein synthesis , decrease protein catabolism
Anti insulin effect
Lipolysis

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36
Q

ACTH can be produced by which special cell type

A

It’s can be produced by immune cells
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Macrophages

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37
Q

ACTH is released due to a response for what

A

Is released due to a response to CRH from hypothalmus

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38
Q

ACTH stimulate release of

A

Steroids from the adrenals

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39
Q

Which has of the adrenal products have negative feedback on the ACTH and which one doesn’t have a feedback on ACTH

A

Glucocorticoids leads to -ve feedback on ACTh
Mineral corticosteroids as aldosterone doesn’t have a feedback effect on ACTH

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40
Q

Cycle of ACTH release

A

Circadian highest in the morning lowest in the evening

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41
Q

ACTH is derived from

A

POMC
Pro-opio-melanoma-cortin

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42
Q

By products of ACTH production are

A

Endorphins and MSH
; neuroleptics and peptide hormone .

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43
Q

Oxytocin and ADH have how many amino acids

A

They are nanopeptide having 9 amino acids .

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44
Q

How amino acids in the oxytocin

A

9 amino acids

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45
Q

Oxytocin secretion from where

A

From the supraoptic and Paraventriculer nucleus of the hypothalmus

46
Q

Storage of the oxytocin is in

A

The posterior pituitary

47
Q

Function of the oxytocin

A

Smooth muscle contraction ‘]
Myometrial uterine cxns
Myoepithetlial muscles surrounding the breast alveoli to secrete milk
Let down reflex

48
Q

Which kind of receptors is the oxytocin receptor
What does it need

A

The oxytocin receptor is a g- coupled protein that needs mg+2 and cholesterol .

49
Q

Where it can be found oxytocin receptor other than the uterus and breast

A

Brain and spinal cord

50
Q

Which type of hormone is ADh and is composed from how many amino acids

A

Is a nanopeptide 9 A.A
Known as vasopressin

51
Q

What stimulate secretion of th ADh

A

Decreas body fluid volume / dehydration

52
Q

What’s the functions for the ADH

A

Vasoconstriction
Reabsorption of h2o form the collecting duct an DCT
Reabsorption of Na+2 from the ascending loop of henle .
Increase urine osmolarity
Implicated in memory formation

53
Q

ADH reabsorption of water is at which nephron

A

DCt and collecting duct

54
Q

Reabsorption of NA due to the ADh is at

A

The ascending loop of henle

55
Q

ADh effect on the urine osmolarity

A

ADH increase urine osmolarity

56
Q

ADh is a vasoconstrictor or a vasodilator

A

ADh is a vasoconstriction

57
Q

ADh is derived from what
Where

A

Form pre-pro hormone synthesized in the hypothalmus .

58
Q

Thyroid hormone effect on NA / K+ a tapas e where ?
Thyroid hormone effect on O2 consumption
Thyroid hormone effect on heat

A

Increase the activity of. Na/ k+ pump in all tissues except SBT , spleen ,brain ,testis .
Increase O2 consumption .
Increase heat production .

59
Q

Thyroid hormone effect on superoxide dismutase levels

A

It decreases it

60
Q

Thyroid hormone effect on bone

A

Increase bone turn over
Increase none resorption lead to osteopenia

61
Q

Thyroid hormone effect on metabolism
Glu one oogenesis
Glygenolysisis
Lipolysis

A

It increases all of them

62
Q

How does I2 absorbed from the blood stream

A

By iodide trapping

63
Q

Define iodination

A

Is the bound between i2 and tyrosine in the thyroglobulin
I2 + tyrosine = MIT
I2+ MIT= DIt

64
Q

T3 is

A

MIT + DiT

65
Q

T4 is

A

Dit+Dit

66
Q

% of thyroid hormone that’s bound to TBG
% of thyroid hormone bound to Albumin
% of thyroid hormone bound to proalbumin

A

70%
15 %
15%
Proslbumin is transthyretin

67
Q

Where are t3 and t4 stored

A

At the colloid of the follicular cells outside the cells( epithelial cells of the thyroid )

68
Q

Which is of higher amounts in the body
T3 or t4

A

T4 is much higher 20 times more

69
Q

Half life of T4 is

A

7 day s

70
Q

The active form of thyroid hormones is

A

T3

71
Q

Half life of t3

A

1 day

72
Q

rt3 is it active or inactive
Half life

A

Is inactive
4 hours

73
Q

Pregnancy changes on
T3/t4
T3/t4 pool sized
TBG
TSH \
Deiodinzation of t3 and t4 by the placenta
Renal clearance

A

All increased except for TSH decreased .

74
Q

Does thyroid gland increase in size during pregnancy
Does this have any clinical significance

A

Yes it does increase in size but not to the size that will make clinical effect

75
Q

Thyroid hormone effect on blood
EPO
Erthropoiesus
Content of DPG in the hemoglobin

A

Increases all of them .

76
Q

Effect on the beta adrenergic receptors of the thyroid hormones

A

Increases its activity
Myocardium ‘
Adipocytes
Lymphocytes
Skeletal muscles

77
Q

Is thyroid hormone +ve or -ve chronotropic and ionotropic

A

+ve due to thyroid hormone effect on the beta drenergic receptors of the myocardium

78
Q

The main two layers of the adrenal glands that adrenal hormones are derived from it

A

Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla .

79
Q

Chromaffin cells present in

A

The adrenal medulla

80
Q

Which layer of the adrenal gland is derived from the neural crest

A

Medulla

81
Q

Which layer of the adrenal gland is derived from the mesoderm

A

The adrenal cortex .

82
Q

How does the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response

A

It mediates the stress response by producing
Mineralcorticoids and
Glucocorticoids

83
Q

Adrenal cortex layers and which hormone is secreted by each layer

A

Zone glomerularis — mineralcorticoids
Zone fasciculata —- glucocorticoids
Zone reticular is secrets weak androgens .

84
Q

All adrencortical hormones are derived from

A

Cholesterol

85
Q

Glucocorticoids involves

A

Cortisol
Corticosterones

86
Q

Glucocorticoids action is it catabolism or anabolism
What it’s effect on the dna , RNA , protein
exception for that

A

Catabolism
Inhibit dna rna and protein synthesis
Except in the liver

87
Q

Glucocorticoids action on the renal system

A

Increases excretion o f sodium and water
Increase GFR

88
Q

Glucocorticoids action on the metabolism

A

Increases gluconeogenesis
Decrease peripheral glucose usage
Increase Lipolysis

89
Q

Effect of glucocorticoids on the bone fibroblast and collagen

A

Inhibits fibroblast
Loss of collagen
Increase bone resorption

90
Q

Glucocorticoids effect on ATP production

A

Increase ATP production .

91
Q

Effect of glucocorticoids on the neutrophils and lymphocytes

A

Increase neutrophils
Decreases the lymphocytes

92
Q

Effect of glucocorticoids on the stomach acid

A

Increase secretion of stomach acid .

93
Q

What’s is aldosterone

A

Mineralcorticoid.
21 carbon atoms .

94
Q

Function of aldosterone

A

Reabsorption of sodium from the DCT and collecting
Excretion of k+ and H+ from the kidneys
It’s sold on the posterior pituitary to increase the release of ADH .

95
Q

Secretion of aldosterone is regulated by 6 things

A

Na cons
K+ cons
Renin angiotensin system
Juxtaglomeruler apparatus
Sympathatic system
Carotid artrey baroreceptors

96
Q

Increase in sodium or hypernatremia increase or decrease aldosterone’s

A

Decreases aldosterone
It responses in cases of hyponatremia and hypvolemia and blood loss

97
Q

Secretioon of androgen in males start at (adrenal) androgens

A

7-9 years

98
Q

Secretion of adrenal androgens in females start at

A

6-7 years .

99
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland secrete weak androgens at what are they

A

The adrenal cortex
Dhea
Dhea s
Androstenedione

100
Q

Define adrenal medulla cells

A

They are chromaffin cells= modifid neural crest cells .

101
Q

Synthesize what by the adrenal medulla

A

Noreadrenaline
Dopamine
Adrenaline

102
Q

Adrenaline metabolism
————>———>——->.———>——-

A

Tyrosine —— l-dopa - dopamine —— noreadrenaline —- adrenaline

103
Q

Adrenaline is it vasoconstrictor or vasodilator

A

Is vasoconstrictor

104
Q

Effect of adrenaline on the git smooth muscles

A

Relaxes GIt smooth muscles .

105
Q

Effect of adrenaline on the renin angiotensin sys and insulin

A

It increases insulin
Increase renin angiotensin system

106
Q

Adrenaline action

A

Lipolysis
Glycogenolysis
SA,t and water balance

107
Q

Adrenaline works on which receptors
Noreadrenaline works on which receptors

A

Adrenaline works on alpha and beta receptors .
Noreadrenaline works on alpha receptors only .

108
Q

The dominant fetal catecholamines is

A

L-dopa

109
Q

Adrenaline is metabolized by

A

Mao
COMT

110
Q

Release of adrenaline is triggered by

A

Hypotension , stress , hypoglycemia , illness , sympathatic stimulation .

Endocrine Revision Notes (4 decks)

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