Pituatary Gland Hormones Flashcards
Corticoyrophin related peptides from the ant pituitary
ACTH
MSH
Somatomamtrophic related peptides
GH
Prolactin
Glycoproteins
Fsh LH , TSH 2 alpha subunits and 2 beta subunits , same alpha, unique b subunit .
Fsh is which type of hormone
Secreted in response to what
Glycoproteins
Secreted in response to GNrH
Fsh has 2 subunits alpha and beta on shromosomes ?
Alpha subunit on chromosome 6
Beta subunit on chromosome 11
Fsh in high levels correlate to which diseases
Premature ovarian failure
Reduced ovarian reserve
CAh
Castration
Sew her syndrome .
Half life of fsh is
3-4 hours
Fsh receptors can be found on
Granulosa cells only
Functions of FSH
Maturation of germ cells
In female in the ovary stimulate development of Graafian follicle
On male : works on Sertoli cells to produce and synthesis and secrete inhibin.
Which type of hormone is the LH
How many subunits
On which chromosomes
Heterodimeric glycoprotein
Alpha subunit on chromosome 6
Beta subunit on chromosome 19
Alpha subunit is milieu in which glycoproteins
And how many amino acids does it contain , on which chromosome
Fsh , LH , bhcg , TSH
92 amino acids
On chromosome 6
Function of LH
Triggers ovulation
Prevernt regret ion of the cL (apoptosis )
Works i]on the leyding cells of the testis to produce testosterone .
Low levels of LH are caused by
Kallman syndrome
Hypopitutirism , hypothalamic suppression
Hyperprolactinemia
High levels of LH caused by
PCOS
Gonadal dysgenesis
Sewer syndrome
Premature menopause
cAH
Castration
Surge of LH is it biphasic or monophasic
It’s biphasic
Ovulation occurs AFTEr
——- hrs LH surge
——- hrs LH peak
36 hrs
16-26 h after peak
LH surge leads to
Progesterone production by the corpus luteum
Prostaglandin production ‘
Resumption of meiosis of the ovum
Half life of LH is
20 mins
Does LH stimulate production of estrogen or progesterone or both
Both
LH receptors or found on
Granulosa cells
Theca cells
When is the peaks of gonadotrophins
20 weeks intrauterine
1-2 month infancy
LH and testosterone levels increased in what duration of lif e
First 3- 6 month s of life
Which type of hormones is prolactin
Prolactin is a peptide hormone
How many amino acids in the prolactin
199 amino acid
Similer hormones to prolactin structurally
GH
HPL
On which chromosomes gene for prolactin present
On chromosome 6
Functions of prolactin hormone
Lactogenesis
Play a role in breast development
Prolactin rythuym cycle
Diurnal
Ovulatory
Prolactin inhibit which hormone
It inhibits GNrH , estrogen , testosterone .
Prolactin produced by. IBBD
Decidua
Breast
Brain
Immune system .
Which hormones responsible for alveolar morphogenesis
Pph
Progesterone prolactin
HPL
Which hormones responsible for duct Al morphogenesis of the breast
Estrogen and GH
GH actions are mediated by which factor
By IGF
GH is which type of hormones
No of amino acid
On which chromosome
Is a peptide hormone
191 aA
On chromosome 17
3 main function of GH
Anabolic = increase protein synthesis , decrease protein catabolism
Anti insulin effect
Lipolysis
ACTH can be produced by which special cell type
It’s can be produced by immune cells
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Macrophages
ACTH is released due to a response for what
Is released due to a response to CRH from hypothalmus
ACTH stimulate release of
Steroids from the adrenals
Which has of the adrenal products have negative feedback on the ACTH and which one doesn’t have a feedback on ACTH
Glucocorticoids leads to -ve feedback on ACTh
Mineral corticosteroids as aldosterone doesn’t have a feedback effect on ACTH
Cycle of ACTH release
Circadian highest in the morning lowest in the evening
ACTH is derived from
POMC
Pro-opio-melanoma-cortin
By products of ACTH production are
Endorphins and MSH
; neuroleptics and peptide hormone .
Oxytocin and ADH have how many amino acids
They are nanopeptide having 9 amino acids .
How amino acids in the oxytocin
9 amino acids
Oxytocin secretion from where
From the supraoptic and Paraventriculer nucleus of the hypothalmus
Storage of the oxytocin is in
The posterior pituitary
Function of the oxytocin
Smooth muscle contraction ‘]
Myometrial uterine cxns
Myoepithetlial muscles surrounding the breast alveoli to secrete milk
Let down reflex
Which kind of receptors is the oxytocin receptor
What does it need
The oxytocin receptor is a g- coupled protein that needs mg+2 and cholesterol .
Where it can be found oxytocin receptor other than the uterus and breast
Brain and spinal cord
Which type of hormone is ADh and is composed from how many amino acids
Is a nanopeptide 9 A.A
Known as vasopressin
What stimulate secretion of th ADh
Decreas body fluid volume / dehydration
What’s the functions for the ADH
Vasoconstriction
Reabsorption of h2o form the collecting duct an DCT
Reabsorption of Na+2 from the ascending loop of henle .
Increase urine osmolarity
Implicated in memory formation
ADH reabsorption of water is at which nephron
DCt and collecting duct
Reabsorption of NA due to the ADh is at
The ascending loop of henle
ADh effect on the urine osmolarity
ADH increase urine osmolarity
ADh is a vasoconstrictor or a vasodilator
ADh is a vasoconstriction
ADh is derived from what
Where
Form pre-pro hormone synthesized in the hypothalmus .
Thyroid hormone effect on NA / K+ a tapas e where ?
Thyroid hormone effect on O2 consumption
Thyroid hormone effect on heat
Increase the activity of. Na/ k+ pump in all tissues except SBT , spleen ,brain ,testis .
Increase O2 consumption .
Increase heat production .
Thyroid hormone effect on superoxide dismutase levels
It decreases it
Thyroid hormone effect on bone
Increase bone turn over
Increase none resorption lead to osteopenia
Thyroid hormone effect on metabolism
Glu one oogenesis
Glygenolysisis
Lipolysis
It increases all of them
How does I2 absorbed from the blood stream
By iodide trapping
Define iodination
Is the bound between i2 and tyrosine in the thyroglobulin
I2 + tyrosine = MIT
I2+ MIT= DIt
T3 is
MIT + DiT
T4 is
Dit+Dit
% of thyroid hormone that’s bound to TBG
% of thyroid hormone bound to Albumin
% of thyroid hormone bound to proalbumin
70%
15 %
15%
Proslbumin is transthyretin
Where are t3 and t4 stored
At the colloid of the follicular cells outside the cells( epithelial cells of the thyroid )
Which is of higher amounts in the body
T3 or t4
T4 is much higher 20 times more
Half life of T4 is
7 day s
The active form of thyroid hormones is
T3
Half life of t3
1 day
rt3 is it active or inactive
Half life
Is inactive
4 hours
Pregnancy changes on
T3/t4
T3/t4 pool sized
TBG
TSH \
Deiodinzation of t3 and t4 by the placenta
Renal clearance
All increased except for TSH decreased .
Does thyroid gland increase in size during pregnancy
Does this have any clinical significance
Yes it does increase in size but not to the size that will make clinical effect
Thyroid hormone effect on blood
EPO
Erthropoiesus
Content of DPG in the hemoglobin
Increases all of them .
Effect on the beta adrenergic receptors of the thyroid hormones
Increases its activity
Myocardium ‘
Adipocytes
Lymphocytes
Skeletal muscles
Is thyroid hormone +ve or -ve chronotropic and ionotropic
+ve due to thyroid hormone effect on the beta drenergic receptors of the myocardium
The main two layers of the adrenal glands that adrenal hormones are derived from it
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla .
Chromaffin cells present in
The adrenal medulla
Which layer of the adrenal gland is derived from the neural crest
Medulla
Which layer of the adrenal gland is derived from the mesoderm
The adrenal cortex .
How does the adrenal cortex mediates the stress response
It mediates the stress response by producing
Mineralcorticoids and
Glucocorticoids
Adrenal cortex layers and which hormone is secreted by each layer
Zone glomerularis — mineralcorticoids
Zone fasciculata —- glucocorticoids
Zone reticular is secrets weak androgens .
All adrencortical hormones are derived from
Cholesterol
Glucocorticoids involves
Cortisol
Corticosterones
Glucocorticoids action is it catabolism or anabolism
What it’s effect on the dna , RNA , protein
exception for that
Catabolism
Inhibit dna rna and protein synthesis
Except in the liver
Glucocorticoids action on the renal system
Increases excretion o f sodium and water
Increase GFR
Glucocorticoids action on the metabolism
Increases gluconeogenesis
Decrease peripheral glucose usage
Increase Lipolysis
Effect of glucocorticoids on the bone fibroblast and collagen
Inhibits fibroblast
Loss of collagen
Increase bone resorption
Glucocorticoids effect on ATP production
Increase ATP production .
Effect of glucocorticoids on the neutrophils and lymphocytes
Increase neutrophils
Decreases the lymphocytes
Effect of glucocorticoids on the stomach acid
Increase secretion of stomach acid .
What’s is aldosterone
Mineralcorticoid.
21 carbon atoms .
Function of aldosterone
Reabsorption of sodium from the DCT and collecting
Excretion of k+ and H+ from the kidneys
It’s sold on the posterior pituitary to increase the release of ADH .
Secretion of aldosterone is regulated by 6 things
Na cons
K+ cons
Renin angiotensin system
Juxtaglomeruler apparatus
Sympathatic system
Carotid artrey baroreceptors
Increase in sodium or hypernatremia increase or decrease aldosterone’s
Decreases aldosterone
It responses in cases of hyponatremia and hypvolemia and blood loss
Secretioon of androgen in males start at (adrenal) androgens
7-9 years
Secretion of adrenal androgens in females start at
6-7 years .
Which part of the adrenal gland secrete weak androgens at what are they
The adrenal cortex
Dhea
Dhea s
Androstenedione
Define adrenal medulla cells
They are chromaffin cells= modifid neural crest cells .
Synthesize what by the adrenal medulla
Noreadrenaline
Dopamine
Adrenaline
Adrenaline metabolism
————>———>——->.———>——-
Tyrosine —— l-dopa - dopamine —— noreadrenaline —- adrenaline
Adrenaline is it vasoconstrictor or vasodilator
Is vasoconstrictor
Effect of adrenaline on the git smooth muscles
Relaxes GIt smooth muscles .
Effect of adrenaline on the renin angiotensin sys and insulin
It increases insulin
Increase renin angiotensin system
Adrenaline action
Lipolysis
Glycogenolysis
SA,t and water balance
Adrenaline works on which receptors
Noreadrenaline works on which receptors
Adrenaline works on alpha and beta receptors .
Noreadrenaline works on alpha receptors only .
The dominant fetal catecholamines is
L-dopa
Adrenaline is metabolized by
Mao
COMT
Release of adrenaline is triggered by
Hypotension , stress , hypoglycemia , illness , sympathatic stimulation .
