Sex & Gender

Question 1

What is involved with infancy & toddlerhood?

Answer 1

*first year: identify male vs female
*Gender-expectation
-boy toys vs girl toys
*gender self labelling

Question 2

What is Gender Self-labelling?

Answer 2

Reflection of interest/exposure

Question 3

What is involved in the Preschool Year?

Answer 3

*gender stereotyping
*Lack of gender constancy beliefs
*Gender segregation begins

Question 4

What is involved in the Middle Childhood?

Answer 4

*Gender constancy has settled
-awareness of social implications of gender
*Awareness of gender discrimination
*Peer groups
-still mostly gender matched but overlap does happen

Question 5

What are gender expansive children?

Answer 5

Comfortable with sex (male or female), they were assigned at birth
*Don’t conform to the stereotypes that the people around them hold for that sex

Question 6

Definition of transgender children

Answer 6

Distressed about assigned sex and or expected gender identity

Question 7

What does AMAB mean?
What does AFAB mean?

Answer 7

Assigned male at birth
Assigned female at birth

Question 8

What is gender dysphoria?

Answer 8

Discomfort or distress that is caused by a discrepancy between a person’s gender identify and their sex assigned at birth

Question 9

What is social transitioning?

Answer 9

*Adopting gender-affirming hairstyles, clothing name, gender pronouns, restrooms and other facilities

Question 10

What is legal transitioning?

Answer 10

Changing gender and name recorded on birth certificate, school records, and other documents

Question 11

What are puberty blockers?

Answer 11

Delays/pauses onset of puberty
*reversible
Gives time for gender exploration without physical changes causing distress

Question 12

What is gender socialization?

Answer 12

*How gender is applied through societal rules and social upbringing

Question 13

What is gender typing?

Answer 13

Behaviors stereotyped or expected for a given person’s assigned gender

Question 14

What is prejudice?

Answer 14

*A negative attitude about a group and its members
-based on race, sex, age, ability
*reinforces stereotypes

Question 15

What is the Gender Similarities Hypothesis?

Answer 15

*human emphasis on sex differences blinds us to the similarities between gender

Question 16

What are the genetics of gender development?

Answer 16

*Biological Sex: usually (xx) Female and (XY) Male
*Can be related to certain medical conditions and risk factors

Question 17

What are androgens hormones?

Answer 17

Steroid hormones
*exposure to hormones during prenatal development = sex assignment

Question 18

Are there differences in brain structure between males and females?

Answer 18

some difference
impact is unclear

Question 19

What are cognitive skills for gender development?

Answer 19

*most male-female gender differences in cognitive abilities are small/non-existent
*meta-analysis is a statistical method for combining numerous studies on a single topic to produce an estimate effect size

Question 20

What is the Gender Schema Theory?

Answer 20

*Children form a general schema of what gender is meant to be
-relied on appearance in early childhood
-adapts across development as more info enters schema

Question 21

What is an ingroup/outgroup gender schema?

Answer 21

*categorizing whether other people or objects are associated with one’s gender ingroup

Question 22

What is own-gender schema?

Answer 22

Accumulated knowledge and beliefs associated with one’s self-identified gender

Question 23

What are sociocognitive modes of learning?

Answer 23

tuition
enactive experience
observational learning

Question 24

What is tuition?

Answer 24

Direct teaching during gender socialization

Question 25

What is enactive experience?

Answer 25

occurs when children learn to guide their behavior based on the feedback their past behavior has evoked in others

Question 26

What is observational learning?

Answer 26

Occurs through seeing and encoding other people’s behavior and noticing the positive or negative consequences they experience for their actions

Question 27

What is the family environmental influence?

Answer 27

*globally, children are assigned gender identities at birth
-reinforcing by parents through labels, names, clothing and toys

Question 28

What is the teachers environmental influence?

Answer 28

*routine verbal labeling and organizing activities based on gender
*books and course materials that limit portrayal of role models
*Teachers expression of gender stereotypes that perpetuate gender identities in students

Question 29

What is the peers environmental influence?

Answer 29

*Gender-segregated peer groups
*Fit and acceptance-group affiliation and identification
*affirmation of alternative gender conceptions through interactions of like-minded friends with nonconforming interests
*peer support of self-identified gender; transgender and nonbinary children

Question 30

How does the media influence gender Development?

Answer 30

*heavily exposed to gender stereotypes in media
*influences identities, interests, attitudes, and behaviors

Question 31

What is the female viewpoint of exposure to gender stereotypes?

Answer 31

*Women and girls tend to be under-represented overall in media

Question 32

What is the female viewpoint of exposure to gender stereotypes and violence?

Answer 32

*When women are represented, tend to be:
-overly sexualized
-shown in submissive roles

Question 33

What is the male viewpoint of exposure to gender stereotypes and violence?

Answer 33

*Men are more likely to be portrayed as:
-Attorneys, lawyers, judges, professors, doctors

Question 34

How does media and body image influence gender development?

Answer 34

Both girls and boys are exposed to “idealized” body images via media