Sex & Gender Flashcards
Development of Gender
What is involved with infancy & toddlerhood?
*first year: identify male vs female
*Gender-expectation
-boy toys vs girl toys
*gender self labelling
What is Gender Self-labelling?
Reflection of interest/exposure
What is involved in the Preschool Year?
*gender stereotyping
*Lack of gender constancy beliefs
*Gender segregation begins
What is involved in the Middle Childhood?
*Gender constancy has settled
-awareness of social implications of gender
*Awareness of gender discrimination
*Peer groups
-still mostly gender matched but overlap does happen
What are gender expansive children?
Comfortable with sex (male or female), they were assigned at birth
*Don’t conform to the stereotypes that the people around them hold for that sex
Definition of transgender children
Distressed about assigned sex and or expected gender identity
What does AMAB mean?
What does AFAB mean?
Assigned male at birth
Assigned female at birth
What is gender dysphoria?
Discomfort or distress that is caused by a discrepancy between a person’s gender identify and their sex assigned at birth
What is social transitioning?
*Adopting gender-affirming hairstyles, clothing name, gender pronouns, restrooms and other facilities
What is legal transitioning?
Changing gender and name recorded on birth certificate, school records, and other documents
What are puberty blockers?
Delays/pauses onset of puberty
*reversible
Gives time for gender exploration without physical changes causing distress
What is gender socialization?
*How gender is applied through societal rules and social upbringing
What is gender typing?
Behaviors stereotyped or expected for a given person’s assigned gender
What is prejudice?
*A negative attitude about a group and its members
-based on race, sex, age, ability
*reinforces stereotypes
What is the Gender Similarities Hypothesis?
*human emphasis on sex differences blinds us to the similarities between gender
What are the genetics of gender development?
*Biological Sex: usually (xx) Female and (XY) Male
*Can be related to certain medical conditions and risk factors
What are androgens hormones?
Steroid hormones
*exposure to hormones during prenatal development = sex assignment
Are there differences in brain structure between males and females?
some difference
impact is unclear
What are cognitive skills for gender development?
*most male-female gender differences in cognitive abilities are small/non-existent
*meta-analysis is a statistical method for combining numerous studies on a single topic to produce an estimate effect size
What is the Gender Schema Theory?
*Children form a general schema of what gender is meant to be
-relied on appearance in early childhood
-adapts across development as more info enters schema
What is an ingroup/outgroup gender schema?
*categorizing whether other people or objects are associated with one’s gender ingroup
What is own-gender schema?
Accumulated knowledge and beliefs associated with one’s self-identified gender
What are sociocognitive modes of learning?
tuition
enactive experience
observational learning
What is tuition?
Direct teaching during gender socialization
What is enactive experience?
occurs when children learn to guide their behavior based on the feedback their past behavior has evoked in others
What is observational learning?
Occurs through seeing and encoding other people’s behavior and noticing the positive or negative consequences they experience for their actions
What is the family environmental influence?
*globally, children are assigned gender identities at birth
-reinforcing by parents through labels, names, clothing and toys
What is the teachers environmental influence?
*routine verbal labeling and organizing activities based on gender
*books and course materials that limit portrayal of role models
*Teachers expression of gender stereotypes that perpetuate gender identities in students
What is the peers environmental influence?
*Gender-segregated peer groups
*Fit and acceptance-group affiliation and identification
*affirmation of alternative gender conceptions through interactions of like-minded friends with nonconforming interests
*peer support of self-identified gender; transgender and nonbinary children
How does the media influence gender Development?
*heavily exposed to gender stereotypes in media
*influences identities, interests, attitudes, and behaviors
What is the female viewpoint of exposure to gender stereotypes?
*Women and girls tend to be under-represented overall in media
What is the female viewpoint of exposure to gender stereotypes and violence?
*When women are represented, tend to be:
-overly sexualized
-shown in submissive roles
What is the male viewpoint of exposure to gender stereotypes and violence?
*Men are more likely to be portrayed as:
-Attorneys, lawyers, judges, professors, doctors
How does media and body image influence gender development?
Both girls and boys are exposed to “idealized” body images via media
