Exam 3: Family Environmental

Question 1

What does a Nuclear Family consist of?

Answer 1

Family group of parents and their children
-mother
-father
-bio children

Question 2

Name 3 types of families we see today

Answer 2

Single Parent Families
Two parent families
blended families
divorced families
adopted families
foster families
extended families

Question 3

What is a found/chosen family?

Answer 3

A group of (mostly) unrelated people forming their own family
*Based on shared experiences and understanding of each other

Question 4

What is parenting used for?

Answer 4

Teaching child socialization
Disciplining child
modelling for child

Question 5

What are the four types of Parenting styles?

Answer 5

Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive
Uninvolved

Question 6

Characteristics of Authoritative Parenting

Answer 6

High demanding
high responsivity
Firm enforcers of expectations

Question 7

What are the two dimensions of parenting?

Answer 7

warm & responsivity
Parent Control & demandingness

Question 8

What are the characteristics of Authoritarian Parenting?

Answer 8

High demandingness
Low Responsivity
Obedience and authority
Through power and use of threats
Low self-confidence and self regulation outcomes

Question 9

What are the characteristics of Permissive Parenting?

Answer 9

Low demandingness
High responsiveness

High risk for impulsivity and criminality in children
Lack of self-regulation

Question 10

What are the characteristics for Uninvolved Parenting?

Answer 10

Low demandingness
low responsivity

Doesn’t set limits
high risk for abuse and neglect

Question 11

What is Reinforcement?

Answer 11

encouraging behaviors that lead to favorable outcomes

Positive/negative reinforcement

Question 12

What is punishment?

Answer 12

Suppressing behaviors that result in unfavorable outcomes

Positive/Negative Punishment

Question 13

What is fixed/continuous?

Answer 13

Reinforcement and/or punishment occurs every time

Question 14

What is Variable/Intermittent?

Answer 14

Reinforcement and/or punishment occurs only every now and then
-hard to extinguish
- can happen by accident

Question 15

What is physical punishment?

Answer 15

Corporal Punishment associated with
-parental styles
-increased risk of child abuse
-aggression of child
-lower emotional regulation in children

Question 16

What is psychological punishment?

Answer 16

Use of child’s shame, guilt, gratitude to control behavior
Associated with increased stress and poor emotional regulation

Question 17

What are 3 alternatives to punishment?

Answer 17

Time outs
induction-talking to child
gentle parenting

Question 18

Benefits of time-outs?

Answer 18

can give child and parent a chance to breathe and destress

Question 19

What does Induction mean?

Answer 19

Talking situation through with child
providing reasoning and clear connections to consequences

Question 20

What is Gentle Parenting?

Answer 20

Based on communication between parent and child
Presentation of choices to child
Consequences and boundaries still upheld

Question 21

What is the family Systems Theory?

Answer 21

Interconnection between different family relations
Ex: Martial, parent-child, siblings

Question 22

What is the Couples System?

Answer 22

When parents support each other, to support the child
*model appropriate and healthy relationships

Question 23

What are the two main pieces of the parent conflict?

Answer 23

Direct effects
Indirect Effects

Question 24

What is the direct effects of the parent conflict?

Answer 24

Watching conflicts
poorer mental health, self-blame

Question 25

What are the indirect effects of the parent conflict?

Answer 25

Effect of ongoing conflict on parenting practices -children tend to have difficulty interacting without regulating conflict with others

Question 26

What is the Parenting system?

Answer 26

Parenting behaviors and attitudes that set the climate for parent-child relationships

Question 27

What are some reasons for different parenting styles?

Answer 27

*Quality of couple system *parent mental health *cultural practices *financial resources *parental personalities

Question 28

what do new mothers deal with after their newborns birth?

Answer 28

*hormones * healing *potentially raising other children

Question 29

What is Postpartum Depression?

Answer 29

Feelings of inadequacy, fear, sadness, overwhelmed Can affect attachment and care of child: *fear of baby *maladaptive over protectiveness *avoidance and neglect

Question 30

What is the still face paradigm?

Answer 30

Reduced positive affect reduced eye gaze increased negative affect

Question 31

What are cultural practices?

Answer 31

Differences in discipline techniques *often a reflection of own upbringing

Question 32

What are the different levels of socioeconomic status (SES)?

Answer 32

Low SES High SEs

Question 33

What are characteristics of low SES?

Answer 33

*Less time spent with children *less communication

Question 34

What are characteristics of high SES?

Answer 34

*Greater stress on children *emotionally distant *failure to provide consequences

Question 35

What is the Goodness of Fit?

Answer 35

How well temperament is matched by their surrounding

Question 36

What is a bidirectional relationship?

Answer 36

*parent is bigger person-child is tiny person *parent takes on parenting their own way-child perceives *interactions with each other parent/child *parenting adaptive

Question 37

What is temperament?

Answer 37

*Reactivity *easy vs different babies? *often interacts with caregiver own mental and emotional health *anxious-temperament style

Question 38

What is the sibling system?

Answer 38

*Very Unique relationship -peers -extra parent -rivals

Question 39

What is the birth order effect?

Answer 39

Stereotypes of how birth ordered children get treated/act

Question 40

What are the characteristics of the eldest child?

Answer 40

*Adult oriented * Helpful * self-controlled, conscientious

Question 41

What are the characteristics of the later children?

Answer 41

*Less fearful *Better coping mechanisms *more self-confidence

Question 42

What are the elements of birth order parent-child interactions?

Answer 42

*Sharing of attention * parents prepare children for sharing attention -friends play a role

Question 43

What are the elements of birth order sibling interactions?

Answer 43

*Caregiving *social learning -good behavior -poorer behavior *protectiveness