Exam 3: Family Environmental Flashcards
What does a Nuclear Family consist of?
Family group of parents and their children
-mother
-father
-bio children
Name 3 types of families we see today
Single Parent Families
Two parent families
blended families
divorced families
adopted families
foster families
extended families
What is a found/chosen family?
A group of (mostly) unrelated people forming their own family
*Based on shared experiences and understanding of each other
What is parenting used for?
Teaching child socialization
Disciplining child
modelling for child
What are the four types of Parenting styles?
Authoritative
Authoritarian
Permissive
Uninvolved
Characteristics of Authoritative Parenting
High demanding
high responsivity
Firm enforcers of expectations
What are the two dimensions of parenting?
warm & responsivity
Parent Control & demandingness
What are the characteristics of Authoritarian Parenting?
High demandingness
Low Responsivity
Obedience and authority
Through power and use of threats
Low self-confidence and self regulation outcomes
What are the characteristics of Permissive Parenting?
Low demandingness
High responsiveness
High risk for impulsivity and criminality in children
Lack of self-regulation
What are the characteristics for Uninvolved Parenting?
Low demandingness
low responsivity
Doesn’t set limits
high risk for abuse and neglect
What is Reinforcement?
encouraging behaviors that lead to favorable outcomes
Positive/negative reinforcement
What is punishment?
Suppressing behaviors that result in unfavorable outcomes
Positive/Negative Punishment
What is fixed/continuous?
Reinforcement and/or punishment occurs every time
What is Variable/Intermittent?
Reinforcement and/or punishment occurs only every now and then
-hard to extinguish
- can happen by accident
What is physical punishment?
Corporal Punishment associated with
-parental styles
-increased risk of child abuse
-aggression of child
-lower emotional regulation in children
What is psychological punishment?
Use of child’s shame, guilt, gratitude to control behavior
Associated with increased stress and poor emotional regulation
What are 3 alternatives to punishment?
Time outs
induction-talking to child
gentle parenting
Benefits of time-outs?
can give child and parent a chance to breathe and destress
What does Induction mean?
Talking situation through with child
providing reasoning and clear connections to consequences
What is Gentle Parenting?
Based on communication between parent and child
Presentation of choices to child
Consequences and boundaries still upheld
What is the family Systems Theory?
Interconnection between different family relations
Ex: Martial, parent-child, siblings
What is the Couples System?
When parents support each other, to support the child
*model appropriate and healthy relationships
What are the two main pieces of the parent conflict?
Direct effects
Indirect Effects
What is the direct effects of the parent conflict?
Watching conflicts
poorer mental health, self-blame
What are the indirect effects of the parent conflict?
Effect of ongoing conflict on parenting practices
-children tend to have difficulty interacting without regulating conflict with others
What is the Parenting system?
Parenting behaviors and attitudes that set the climate for parent-child relationships
What are some reasons for different parenting styles?
*Quality of couple system
*parent mental health
*cultural practices
*financial resources
*parental personalities
what do new mothers deal with after their newborns birth?
*hormones
* healing
*potentially raising other children
What is Postpartum Depression?
Feelings of inadequacy, fear, sadness, overwhelmed
Can affect attachment and care of child:
*fear of baby
*maladaptive over protectiveness
*avoidance and neglect
What is the still face paradigm?
Reduced positive affect
reduced eye gaze
increased negative affect
What are cultural practices?
Differences in discipline techniques
*often a reflection of own upbringing
What are the different levels of socioeconomic status (SES)?
Low SES
High SEs
What are characteristics of low SES?
*Less time spent with children
*less communication
What are characteristics of high SES?
*Greater stress on children
*emotionally distant
*failure to provide consequences
What is the Goodness of Fit?
How well temperament is matched by their surrounding
What is a bidirectional relationship?
*parent is bigger person-child is tiny person
*parent takes on parenting their own way-child perceives
*interactions with each other parent/child
*parenting adaptive
What is temperament?
*Reactivity
*easy vs different babies?
*often interacts with caregiver own mental and emotional health
*anxious-temperament style
What is the sibling system?
*Very Unique relationship
-peers
-extra parent
-rivals
What is the birth order effect?
Stereotypes of how birth ordered children get treated/act
What are the characteristics of the eldest child?
*Adult oriented
* Helpful
* self-controlled, conscientious
What are the characteristics of the later children?
*Less fearful
*Better coping mechanisms
*more self-confidence
What are the elements of birth order parent-child interactions?
*Sharing of attention
* parents prepare children for sharing attention
-friends play a role
What are the elements of birth order sibling interactions?
*Caregiving
*social learning
-good behavior
-poorer behavior
*protectiveness
