Exam 3- Morality

Question 1

Definition of Morality?

Answer 1

*Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior

Question 2

What is moral reasoning?

Answer 2

how we think we would behave in a hypothetical moral scenario

Question 3

What is moral behavior?

Answer 3

How we actually behave in a moral scenario

Question 4

What is the premoral stage?

Answer 4

little concern or awareness for rules

Question 5

What is heteronomous morality or moral realism?

Answer 5

*authority rules
*consequences
* social and cognitive influences

Question 6

What is Autonomous Morality or Moral Reciprocity?

Answer 6

*no longer blindly following authority
*social influences

Question 7

What are the positives of Piaget’s theory?

Answer 7

Positives
*age effects
*parental influences
*cognitive development

Question 8

What are the negatives of Piaget’s theory?

Answer 8

underestimation of inequality

Question 9

Kohlberg’s process had how many levels?

Answer 9

3 levels- each with two stages within

Question 10

What are the characteristics of the preconventional level?

Answer 10

*self-centered
*stage one: punishment and obedience orientation
*stage two: Instrumental and naive hedonistic

Question 11

Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation consists of what?

Answer 11

*avoid punishment
*deferral to authority
*focus on physical consequences

Question 12

Stage 2: Instrumental and naive hedonistic orientation consists of what?

Answer 12

*conformity via reward motivation

Question 13

Conventional Level

Answer 13

*Social relationships
*Stage 3: mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity orientation
*Stage 4: Social system and conscience orientation

Question 14

Stage 3: mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity orientation consists of what?

Answer 14

*Good boy/good girl morality
*maintain approval and good relationships
*concerned with others approval

Question 15

Stage 4: Social system and conscience orientation consists of what?

Answer 15

*Authority and morality that maintain social order
*blindly accept social conventions and rules
*Rules should be maintained to avoid issues
*law and order perspective

Question 16

Postconventional (Principle) level consists of what?

Answer 16

*Ideal centered
*Stage 5: social contract or individual rights orientation
*Stage 6: universal ethical principle

Question 17

*Stage 5: social contract or individual rights orientation consists of what?

Answer 17

*moral beliefs have flexibility
*conforming to norms that seem necessary
*Norms can be modified

Question 18

*Stage 6: universal ethical principle consists of what?

Answer 18

*Confirm to social standards and internalized ideals
*aim for self-awareness rather than acceptance
*Principles of justice, compassion, and morality

Question 19

Positives for Kohlberg’s theory?

Answer 19

*Moral reasoning changes
*Levels of moral reasoning related to moral behavior

Question 20

Negatives for Kohlberg’s Theory?

Answer 20

*Moral issues inequal social convention
*cultural influences?
*discontinuous
*Gender differences?

Question 21

What is the social domain theory by Turiel?

Answer 21

Gradual growth versus stages
*environmental –> explicit and implicit
*3 different domains of knowledge

Question 22

What are the 3 domains of knowledge?

Answer 22

*moral domain
*societal domain
*personal domain

Question 23

What are is moral domain?

Answer 23

universal concepts of right and wrong, fairness, justice, and individual rights > rules, and authority

Question 24

What is societal domain?

Answer 24

*societies rules and conventions to maintain order
*negotiate interactions

Question 25

What is personal domain?

Answer 25

AKA psychological domain *individual preferences *sense of autonomy

Question 26

What is the development of conscience?

Answer 26

*age 2 --> recognize moral standards, rules, exhibit sings of guilt *parents moral values *temperament *development of conscientious --> acceptance of society morals

Question 27

What is prosocial behavior?

Answer 27

*voluntary behavior intended to benefit others *sharing *caring & sympathizing *comforting *cooperating *helping

Question 28

What is altruistic behavior?

Answer 28

Prosocial behavior with additional: *lack of thought for own immediate welfare *lack of need for reciprocity or acknowledgement *sacrifice of own needs

Question 29

What are key areas to consider?

Answer 29

-Biology -environment -culture -cognition

Question 30

What are characteristics of Biology: Evolutionary perspectives?

Answer 30

*kin selection

Question 31

What are characteristics of Biology: Genetics?

Answer 31

*contribution of genetic factors are evident in childhood *increased across adolescences

Question 32

What are characteristics of Biology: Temperament?

Answer 32

*More inhibited children tend to be more upset in face of others distress *more reactive children tend to be less prosocial

Question 33

What are the modelling characteristics of the caregiver roles?

Answer 33

*Positive relationships * open communication

Question 34

What are the opportunity characteristics of the caregiver roles?

Answer 34

*household tasks *voluntary community services *school-based volunteer service

Question 35

What are peer influences?

Answer 35

Learn & Practice: *fairness *justice *Reciprocity *conflict resolution *lack of harm

Question 36

What is culture?

Answer 36

*some culture stress and needs of being prosocial

Question 37

What are Western Cultures?

Answer 37

onus on personal choice

Question 38

What are Non-Western Cultures?

Answer 38

Interpersonal responsibilities to the wider community

Question 39

What is antisociality?

Answer 39

Disruptive, hostile, or aggressive behaviors that violates social norms or rules or that harms or takes advantage of others

Question 40

What is aggression?

Answer 40

Behavior aimed at physically or emotionally harming or injuring others

Question 41

What is Reactive Aggression?

Answer 41

*Reacting in anger and frustration *Linked to hostile attribution bias

Question 42

What is Proactive Aggression?

Answer 42

*Not provoked *"I'll get you before you get me." *More likely to see in antisocial individuals

Question 43

What is Instrumental Aggression?

Answer 43

*Meant to achieve a goal

Question 44

What is Verbal Aggression?

Answer 44

*Using words to inflict pain

Question 45

What is Physical Aggression?

Answer 45

*Inflicting physical damage or discomfort on another person

Question 46

What is Relational Aggression?

Answer 46

*Meant to cause harm within relationships

Question 47

What is Expression of Aggression?

Answer 47

*Direct- Face to Face *Indirect- rumor, gossip -unknown perpetrator

Question 48

What are the different perspectives of aggression?

Answer 48

-Biological -Environmental -Sociocultural -Sociocultural

Question 49

What is transactional Development?

Answer 49

If one element happens and interacts with another, it moves up a level

Question 50

What is Genetics?

Answer 50

*Moderate association between genetics and antisocial behavior *more heritable in early starters than late starters

Question 51

What is temperament?

Answer 51

*Infants can be born with irritable, irregular, and difficult temperament *often linked to lack of self-control *links to fearfulness

Question 52

What is the Diathesis- Stress Model?

Answer 52

*Easy going temperament --> bad day/good day --> less effects *Difficult temperament = bad day --> worse day; good day/ tips behavior *fluid

Question 53

What is the caregivers and modelling of Aggression?

Answer 53

Display of appropriate behavior (or not)

Question 54

What are the punishment aspects within the Caregivers Role?

Answer 54

*Harsh but not physical *Physical punishment

Question 55

What are the Monitoring aspects within the Caregivers Role?

Answer 55

*Supervision of peer groups *"snowball" effect -continued negative behaviors within friend group to maintain belongingness

Question 56

What are the Conflict aspects within the Caregivers Role?

Answer 56

*Exposure to conflict *Responsiveness

Question 57

What is Peer Influence?

Answer 57

*"Bird of a feather" --> hostile children hang with hostile children *Peer approval

Question 58

What is neighborhood involved with?

Answer 58

*Impacts of socioeconomic status -adults at more stress --> impact on youth *Exposure on violence -One instance of exposure is often enough

Question 59

What is culture?

Answer 59

*Can depend on country *can depend on cultural values

Question 60

What is social info processing?

Answer 60

*Raised in environments changes perception of the world *Leads to self-fulfilling prophecy