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Child Psyc > Exam 3- Morality > Flashcards

Exam 3- Morality Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Morality?

A

*Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior

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2
Q

What is moral reasoning?

A

how we think we would behave in a hypothetical moral scenario

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3
Q

What is moral behavior?

A

How we actually behave in a moral scenario

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4
Q

What is the premoral stage?

A

little concern or awareness for rules

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5
Q

What is heteronomous morality or moral realism?

A

*authority rules
*consequences
* social and cognitive influences

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6
Q

What is Autonomous Morality or Moral Reciprocity?

A

*no longer blindly following authority
*social influences

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7
Q

What are the positives of Piaget’s theory?

A

Positives
*age effects
*parental influences
*cognitive development

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8
Q

What are the negatives of Piaget’s theory?

A

underestimation of inequality

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9
Q

Kohlberg’s process had how many levels?

A

3 levels- each with two stages within

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the preconventional level?

A

*self-centered
*stage one: punishment and obedience orientation
*stage two: Instrumental and naive hedonistic

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11
Q

Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation consists of what?

A

*avoid punishment
*deferral to authority
*focus on physical consequences

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12
Q

Stage 2: Instrumental and naive hedonistic orientation consists of what?

A

*conformity via reward motivation

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13
Q

Conventional Level

A

*Social relationships
*Stage 3: mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity orientation
*Stage 4: Social system and conscience orientation

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14
Q

Stage 3: mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity orientation consists of what?

A

*Good boy/good girl morality
*maintain approval and good relationships
*concerned with others approval

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15
Q

Stage 4: Social system and conscience orientation consists of what?

A

*Authority and morality that maintain social order
*blindly accept social conventions and rules
*Rules should be maintained to avoid issues
*law and order perspective

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16
Q

Postconventional (Principle) level consists of what?

A

*Ideal centered
*Stage 5: social contract or individual rights orientation
*Stage 6: universal ethical principle

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17
Q

*Stage 5: social contract or individual rights orientation consists of what?

A

*moral beliefs have flexibility
*conforming to norms that seem necessary
*Norms can be modified

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18
Q

*Stage 6: universal ethical principle consists of what?

A

*Confirm to social standards and internalized ideals
*aim for self-awareness rather than acceptance
*Principles of justice, compassion, and morality

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19
Q

Positives for Kohlberg’s theory?

A

*Moral reasoning changes
*Levels of moral reasoning related to moral behavior

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20
Q

Negatives for Kohlberg’s Theory?

A

*Moral issues inequal social convention
*cultural influences?
*discontinuous
*Gender differences?

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21
Q

What is the social domain theory by Turiel?

A

Gradual growth versus stages
*environmental –> explicit and implicit
*3 different domains of knowledge

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22
Q

What are the 3 domains of knowledge?

A

*moral domain
*societal domain
*personal domain

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23
Q

What are is moral domain?

A

universal concepts of right and wrong, fairness, justice, and individual rights > rules, and authority

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24
Q

What is societal domain?

A

*societies rules and conventions to maintain order
*negotiate interactions

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25
Q

What is personal domain?

A

AKA psychological domain
*individual preferences
*sense of autonomy

26
Q

What is the development of conscience?

A

*age 2 –> recognize moral standards, rules, exhibit sings of guilt
*parents moral values
*temperament
*development of conscientious –> acceptance of society morals

27
Q

What is prosocial behavior?

A

*voluntary behavior intended to benefit others
*sharing
*caring & sympathizing
*comforting
*cooperating
*helping

28
Q

What is altruistic behavior?

A

Prosocial behavior with additional:
*lack of thought for own immediate welfare
*lack of need for reciprocity or acknowledgement
*sacrifice of own needs

29
Q

What are key areas to consider?

A

-Biology
-environment
-culture
-cognition

30
Q

What are characteristics of Biology: Evolutionary perspectives?

A

*kin selection

31
Q

What are characteristics of Biology: Genetics?

A

*contribution of genetic factors are evident in childhood
*increased across adolescences

32
Q

What are characteristics of Biology: Temperament?

A

*More inhibited children tend to be more upset in face of others distress
*more reactive children tend to be less prosocial

33
Q

What are the modelling characteristics of the caregiver roles?

A

*Positive relationships
* open communication

34
Q

What are the opportunity characteristics of the caregiver roles?

A

*household tasks
*voluntary community services
*school-based volunteer service

35
Q

What are peer influences?

A

Learn & Practice:
*fairness
*justice
*Reciprocity
*conflict resolution
*lack of harm

36
Q

What is culture?

A

*some culture stress and needs of being prosocial

37
Q

What are Western Cultures?

A

onus on personal choice

38
Q

What are Non-Western Cultures?

A

Interpersonal responsibilities to the wider community

39
Q

What is antisociality?

A

Disruptive, hostile, or aggressive behaviors that violates social norms or rules or that harms or takes advantage of others

40
Q

What is aggression?

A

Behavior aimed at physically or emotionally harming or injuring others

41
Q

What is Reactive Aggression?

A

*Reacting in anger and frustration
*Linked to hostile attribution bias

42
Q

What is Proactive Aggression?

A

*Not provoked
*“I’ll get you before you get me.”
*More likely to see in antisocial individuals

43
Q

What is Instrumental Aggression?

A

*Meant to achieve a goal

44
Q

What is Verbal Aggression?

A

*Using words to inflict pain

45
Q

What is Physical Aggression?

A

*Inflicting physical damage or discomfort on another person

46
Q

What is Relational Aggression?

A

*Meant to cause harm within relationships

47
Q

What is Expression of Aggression?

A

*Direct- Face to Face
*Indirect- rumor, gossip
-unknown perpetrator

48
Q

What are the different perspectives of aggression?

A

-Biological
-Environmental
-Sociocultural
-Sociocultural

49
Q

What is transactional Development?

A

If one element happens and interacts with another, it moves up a level

50
Q

What is Genetics?

A

*Moderate association between genetics and antisocial behavior
*more heritable in early starters than late starters

51
Q

What is temperament?

A

*Infants can be born with irritable, irregular, and difficult temperament
*often linked to lack of self-control
*links to fearfulness

52
Q

What is the Diathesis- Stress Model?

A

*Easy going temperament –> bad day/good day –> less effects

*Difficult temperament = bad day –> worse day; good day/ tips behavior

*fluid

53
Q

What is the caregivers and modelling of Aggression?

A

Display of appropriate behavior (or not)

54
Q

What are the punishment aspects within the Caregivers Role?

A

*Harsh but not physical
*Physical punishment

55
Q

What are the Monitoring aspects within the Caregivers Role?

A

*Supervision of peer groups
*“snowball” effect
-continued negative behaviors within friend group to maintain belongingness

56
Q

What are the Conflict aspects within the Caregivers Role?

A

*Exposure to conflict
*Responsiveness

57
Q

What is Peer Influence?

A

*“Bird of a feather” –> hostile children hang with hostile children
*Peer approval

58
Q

What is neighborhood involved with?

A

*Impacts of socioeconomic status
-adults at more stress –> impact on youth

*Exposure on violence
-One instance of exposure is often enough

59
Q

What is culture?

A

*Can depend on country
*can depend on cultural values

60
Q

What is social info processing?

A

*Raised in environments changes perception of the world
*Leads to self-fulfilling prophecy

Child Psyc (4 decks)

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