Exam 3- Morality Flashcards
Definition of Morality?
*Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior
What is moral reasoning?
how we think we would behave in a hypothetical moral scenario
What is moral behavior?
How we actually behave in a moral scenario
What is the premoral stage?
little concern or awareness for rules
What is heteronomous morality or moral realism?
*authority rules
*consequences
* social and cognitive influences
What is Autonomous Morality or Moral Reciprocity?
*no longer blindly following authority
*social influences
What are the positives of Piaget’s theory?
Positives
*age effects
*parental influences
*cognitive development
What are the negatives of Piaget’s theory?
underestimation of inequality
Kohlberg’s process had how many levels?
3 levels- each with two stages within
What are the characteristics of the preconventional level?
*self-centered
*stage one: punishment and obedience orientation
*stage two: Instrumental and naive hedonistic
Stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation consists of what?
*avoid punishment
*deferral to authority
*focus on physical consequences
Stage 2: Instrumental and naive hedonistic orientation consists of what?
*conformity via reward motivation
Conventional Level
*Social relationships
*Stage 3: mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity orientation
*Stage 4: Social system and conscience orientation
Stage 3: mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity orientation consists of what?
*Good boy/good girl morality
*maintain approval and good relationships
*concerned with others approval
Stage 4: Social system and conscience orientation consists of what?
*Authority and morality that maintain social order
*blindly accept social conventions and rules
*Rules should be maintained to avoid issues
*law and order perspective
Postconventional (Principle) level consists of what?
*Ideal centered
*Stage 5: social contract or individual rights orientation
*Stage 6: universal ethical principle
*Stage 5: social contract or individual rights orientation consists of what?
*moral beliefs have flexibility
*conforming to norms that seem necessary
*Norms can be modified
*Stage 6: universal ethical principle consists of what?
*Confirm to social standards and internalized ideals
*aim for self-awareness rather than acceptance
*Principles of justice, compassion, and morality
Positives for Kohlberg’s theory?
*Moral reasoning changes
*Levels of moral reasoning related to moral behavior
Negatives for Kohlberg’s Theory?
*Moral issues inequal social convention
*cultural influences?
*discontinuous
*Gender differences?
What is the social domain theory by Turiel?
Gradual growth versus stages
*environmental –> explicit and implicit
*3 different domains of knowledge
What are the 3 domains of knowledge?
*moral domain
*societal domain
*personal domain
What are is moral domain?
universal concepts of right and wrong, fairness, justice, and individual rights > rules, and authority
What is societal domain?
*societies rules and conventions to maintain order
*negotiate interactions
What is personal domain?
AKA psychological domain
*individual preferences
*sense of autonomy
What is the development of conscience?
*age 2 –> recognize moral standards, rules, exhibit sings of guilt
*parents moral values
*temperament
*development of conscientious –> acceptance of society morals
What is prosocial behavior?
*voluntary behavior intended to benefit others
*sharing
*caring & sympathizing
*comforting
*cooperating
*helping
What is altruistic behavior?
Prosocial behavior with additional:
*lack of thought for own immediate welfare
*lack of need for reciprocity or acknowledgement
*sacrifice of own needs
What are key areas to consider?
-Biology
-environment
-culture
-cognition
What are characteristics of Biology: Evolutionary perspectives?
*kin selection
What are characteristics of Biology: Genetics?
*contribution of genetic factors are evident in childhood
*increased across adolescences
What are characteristics of Biology: Temperament?
*More inhibited children tend to be more upset in face of others distress
*more reactive children tend to be less prosocial
What are the modelling characteristics of the caregiver roles?
*Positive relationships
* open communication
What are the opportunity characteristics of the caregiver roles?
*household tasks
*voluntary community services
*school-based volunteer service
What are peer influences?
Learn & Practice:
*fairness
*justice
*Reciprocity
*conflict resolution
*lack of harm
What is culture?
*some culture stress and needs of being prosocial
What are Western Cultures?
onus on personal choice
What are Non-Western Cultures?
Interpersonal responsibilities to the wider community
What is antisociality?
Disruptive, hostile, or aggressive behaviors that violates social norms or rules or that harms or takes advantage of others
What is aggression?
Behavior aimed at physically or emotionally harming or injuring others
What is Reactive Aggression?
*Reacting in anger and frustration
*Linked to hostile attribution bias
What is Proactive Aggression?
*Not provoked
*“I’ll get you before you get me.”
*More likely to see in antisocial individuals
What is Instrumental Aggression?
*Meant to achieve a goal
What is Verbal Aggression?
*Using words to inflict pain
What is Physical Aggression?
*Inflicting physical damage or discomfort on another person
What is Relational Aggression?
*Meant to cause harm within relationships
What is Expression of Aggression?
*Direct- Face to Face
*Indirect- rumor, gossip
-unknown perpetrator
What are the different perspectives of aggression?
-Biological
-Environmental
-Sociocultural
-Sociocultural
What is transactional Development?
If one element happens and interacts with another, it moves up a level
What is Genetics?
*Moderate association between genetics and antisocial behavior
*more heritable in early starters than late starters
What is temperament?
*Infants can be born with irritable, irregular, and difficult temperament
*often linked to lack of self-control
*links to fearfulness
What is the Diathesis- Stress Model?
*Easy going temperament –> bad day/good day –> less effects
*Difficult temperament = bad day –> worse day; good day/ tips behavior
*fluid
What is the caregivers and modelling of Aggression?
Display of appropriate behavior (or not)
What are the punishment aspects within the Caregivers Role?
*Harsh but not physical
*Physical punishment
What are the Monitoring aspects within the Caregivers Role?
*Supervision of peer groups
*“snowball” effect
-continued negative behaviors within friend group to maintain belongingness
What are the Conflict aspects within the Caregivers Role?
*Exposure to conflict
*Responsiveness
What is Peer Influence?
*“Bird of a feather” –> hostile children hang with hostile children
*Peer approval
What is neighborhood involved with?
*Impacts of socioeconomic status
-adults at more stress –> impact on youth
*Exposure on violence
-One instance of exposure is often enough
What is culture?
*Can depend on country
*can depend on cultural values
What is social info processing?
*Raised in environments changes perception of the world
*Leads to self-fulfilling prophecy
