Sex Determination And Linkage Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the assumptions of the chi square goodness of fit?

A

Random sample

Sample size (sufficiently large to prevent small sample error)

Independence - the observations are independent of each other.

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2
Q

What are degrees of freedom?

A

The number of values (characteristics such as different flower colors) that are free to vary minus 1

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3
Q

How are the princples of segregation and independent assortment related and how art they different?

A

Genes encoding different characteristics separate and assort independently of one another when they are not located close together on the same chromosome.

During this process, two alleles of the same gene encoding one characteristic still have to be segregated from each other during the formation of gametes.

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4
Q

In male spermatogenesis, the Y chromosomes always segregate ___.

A

Together.

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5
Q

True or false: sexual reproduction alternates between haploid and diploid states.

A

True

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6
Q

What is an example of non-homologous chromsomes pairing during meiosis?

A

X and Y chromosomes pair during meiosis even though they are not homologous.

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7
Q

What is hermaphroditism?

A

Both sexes in the same organism.

This is mostly seen in invertebrates, snails, slugs and earthworms.

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8
Q

What is monoecious?

A

When an organism has both male and female reproductive structures.

This includes corn, sagebrush and buttercup.

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9
Q

What is dioecious?

A

Either male or femal reproductive structures but not both in one organism.

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10
Q

What chromosomes contains genetic information essential for both sexes?

A

The X chromosomes

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11
Q

The absence of what chromosome reults in a female phenotype?

A

Chromosome Y

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12
Q

How does the heterogametic sex differ from the homogametic sex?

A

Gametes of the heterogametic sex have different sex chromosomes; gametes of the homogametic sex have the same sex chromosome.

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13
Q

What gender is manifested in some organisms that have a haploid set?

A

Males

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14
Q

What gender is manifested in some organisms with a diploid set?

A

Female

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15
Q

True or false: in some organisms, sex is determined by temperature.

A

True

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16
Q

What is the X:A ratio?

A

X:A; x = number of X chromosomes

A = number of haploid sets of autosomes

17
Q

What is the theory of Bridges?

A

A theory that the sex of a fruit fly is determined by the relative number of x chromosomes and autosomal sets.

The Y chromosome does not determine sex, just fertility.

18
Q

What is the sexual phenotype of a fruit fly that has XXYYY sex chromosomes and two sets of autosomes?

A

Female. X:A ratio is 1.

19
Q

What gene on the Y chromosome determines maleness?

A

SRY gene.

20
Q

What sex chromosomes are present in Turner syndrome?

A

XO

21
Q

What are the possible combinations of sex chromosomes for Klinefelter syndome?

A

XXY, XXXY, XXXXY, XXYY

22
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Turner Syndrome?

A

XO

Short stature

High-arched palate

Ears protrue, neck low hairline

Lazy eye

Broad chest

23
Q

What is the male-determining gene in humans?

A

SRY gene

24
Q

What happens if the SRY gene gets translocated to the X chromosome?

A

Testicular disorder of sex development, SRY on X results in male phenotype.

25
Q

What are some X-linked characteristics?

A

X linked white eye in Drosophila

X linked color blindness in humans

26
Q

What was the genotype of the few-lived F1 red-eyed males obtained by Bridges when he crossed a white-eyed female with a red-eyed male?

A

X^WX^+Y

27
Q

Hemophilia (reduced blood clotting) is an X-linked recessive disease in humans. A woman with hemophilia mates with a man who exhibits normal blood clotting. What is the probability that their child will have hemophilia?

A

1/2

28
Q

XYY how does XYY sondrome prove that the Y chromosome has few genes that determine human structure?

A

Patients with XYY haven no specific physical features except perhaps increased height.

They may have learning disabilities, aggressive behavior and severe acne.

29
Q

What is dosage compensation?

A

Inactivation of 1 X chromomes to compensage for different X dosage between the sexes.

30
Q

What is the Lyon hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that suggests that dosage compensation in mammales by inactivation of all but one X chromosome inc ells with more than one X chromosome.

The Barr body, is an inactivated X chromosome.

31
Q

What is mosaicism?

A

A condition in which cells within the same person have a different genetic makeup.

32
Q

What occurs when 2 or more Xic inactivation centers are present?

A

Xist is turned on and its RNA product coats the X chromsome.

Additional proteins recognize the inactive X and cause condensation and permanent inactivation.

This process in done during meiosis.

33
Q

What is the chi-square goodness of fit?

A

A statistical test that indicates the probability that the difference between the observed and expected is due to chance.