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Genetics > Introduction To Genetics > Flashcards

Introduction To Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of genes?

A

To regulate development and control cellular differentiation.

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2
Q

What is a genome?

A

A complete set of genetic instructions for any organism. It is either RNA or DNA, and is similar among organisms.

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3
Q

What is another term for transmission genetics?

A

Classical genetics. They are how traits are passed from one generation to the next.

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4
Q

What is molecular genetics?

A

Genetics that entails gene structure, function and regulation.

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5
Q

What are population genetics?

A

The study of the genetic composition of groups and how gene frequency changes geographically or with time.

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6
Q

What are six types of model genetic organisms?

A

Fruit fly, E. Coli, C. Elegans, arabidopsis, mus musculus, Yeast

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7
Q

You want to study genetics are are determining whether a certain organism would be appropriate. They have a short generation time, produce many progeny, and much is known about their genetic systems. Should the organism be used?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What gene family has remained unchanged during evolution and plays a vital role in the general organization of the body in most animals?

A

Hox genes

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9
Q

What is the first organism to have its whole genome sequenced?

A

C. Elegans

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10
Q

What are four examples of highly used organisms in genetic researsch?

A

E. Coli

Yeast

Thale-cress plant

Zebrafish

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11
Q

What are some implications of all organisms having similar genetic systems?

A

All life forms are genetically related

Research findings on one organism’s gene function can be applied to other organisms.

That genes from one organism can often exist and thrive in another organism.

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12
Q

What is the theory of preformationism?

A

Sperm or eggs contained fully formed humans (the homonculus)

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13
Q

What is the theory of lamarckianism?

A

If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed onto its offspring.

An example is the growth of a giraffe’s neck during its lifetime.

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14
Q

What is the theory of pangenesis?

A

Information from different parts of the body travels to the reproductive organs where it is transferred to the gametes.

The gametes then form a zygote.

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15
Q

What is the germ-plasm theory?

A

Germ-line tissues in the reproductive organs contain a complete set of genetic information that is direclty transferred to the gametes.

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16
Q

Genes come in multple forms called ___

A

Alleles

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17
Q

Genes are located on ______

A

Chromosomes

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18
Q

What is a gene?

A

A distinct sequence of neucleotides forming part of a chromosome.

It is also a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring.

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19
Q

What is an allele?

A

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

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20
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

21
Q

What is a genome?

A

A organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and maintain that organism.

22
Q

What is the germplasm theory?

A

Inheritance of multicellular organism only takes place by means of germ cells: the gametes, such as egg cells and sperm cells.

23
Q

What are the only three concepts of heredity that are accurate?

A

Germ-plasm theory

Cell theory

Mendelian inheritance

24
Q

You are examining a cell and notice that it does not have a nucleus and has a small amount of DNA. What type of cell are you most likely examining?

A

Prokaryotic cell

25
Q

You are examining the nucleus of a cell and note that there are multiple linear DNA molecules complexed with histones. What type of cell are you most likely exxamining?

A

Eukaryotic cell

26
Q

What is the difference in organelles in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles.

27
Q

What is the composition of a virus?

A

An outer viral protein cat surrounds nucleic acid.

28
Q

How prokaryotic cells divide?

A

The chromosomes replicate and origins segregate to opposite sides. The origins are anchord to opposite sides of the cell.

The cell divides and each new cell has an identical copy of the original chromosome.

29
Q

True or false: homologous chromosomes are identical.

A

False.

Each homolog carries the same genes in the same order, but the alleles for each trait may not be the same.

30
Q

How many sets of information do diploid cells (homologous pair) carry?

A

Two

31
Q

How any sets of genetic information do haploid cells (homologous pair) carry?

A

One

32
Q

Diploid cells have ____:

A

Two pairs of homologous chromosomes

33
Q

What is a centromere?

A

An attachment point for spindle microtubules.

34
Q

What are telomeres?

A

The tips of a linear chromosome.

35
Q

What are the origins of repicaltion?

A

Where DNA synthesis begins.

36
Q

What is interphae?

A

An extended period between cell divisions, DNA synthesis and chromosome replicaton phase.

37
Q

What occurs during the M phase?

A

Mitosis

38
Q

You are studying the growth of a cell. You notice that the cell is about to undergo division. The cell has reached the end of what stage of cell division?

A

G1

39
Q

You are studying the replication of a cell. You note that the cell is preparing for mitosis. What phase of the cell replication cycle is the cell in?

A

G2

40
Q

During mitosis, the separation of ____ occurs.

A

Sister chromatids.

41
Q

During cytokinesis, the separation of ____ occurs.

A

Cytoplasm.

42
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase

prometaphase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

43
Q

You are studying the division of a cell. You examine a cell whose chromosomes have condensed. What phase is the cell most likely in?

A

Prophase

44
Q

You are studying the division of a cell. You examine a cell whose chromosomes have lined up on the metaphase plate. What stage of the cell cycle is the chromosome most likely in?

A

Metaphase

45
Q

You are examining a cell’s division. You examine a cell whose nuclear membrane has disintegrated and the spindle microtubules are attached to chromatids. What phase of the cell cycle is the cell most likely in?

A

Prometaphase

46
Q

The two cells that are produced from the cell cycle contain a full complement of chromosomes and ___ the cytoplasm and organelle content of the original parent cell.

A

Half

47
Q

What is the correct order of stages in the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, prophase, metaphase, anaphase

48
Q

You encounter a patient who has albimism. Is this disorder recessive or dominant?

A

Recessive

Genetics (11 decks)

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