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Hormones and Behavior > Sex Determination and Differentiation > Flashcards

Sex Determination and Differentiation Flashcards

1
Q

someone whose gender identity does not match their biological sex

A

transgender

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2
Q

what is sexual orientation

A

defines the sex and or gender preferred by an individual as a romantic or sexual partner

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3
Q

prefers the opposite sex or gender

A

heterosexual

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4
Q

prefers the same sex and or gender

A

homosexual

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5
Q

prefers members of both sexes and or gender

A

bisexual

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6
Q

generation of new individuals from existing ones, fundamental characteristics of life

A

reproduction

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7
Q

creation of offspring from single individual; results in genetic clones

A

asexual reproduction

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8
Q

creation of offspring through fertilization of gametes, results in genetic combination of parents

A

sexual reproduction

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9
Q

what are two-fold cost of sex

A
  • cost of meiosis/ fertilizatin
  • cost of males
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10
Q

what are other costs of sex

A

mate searching
mating
sexually-transmitted diseases
genetic recombination

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11
Q

what are benefits of sex

A

increased genetic variation

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12
Q

why does sex exist

A

it allows for adaptation to changing environment

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13
Q

what are negative of mate searching

A

it takes time, energy and predation

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14
Q

why can be mating negative

A

can cause injury and death

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15
Q

what is negative about sexually transmitted diseases

A

there can be parasites and pathogens

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16
Q

what is negative about genetic recombination

A

there can be a loss of beneficial alleles

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17
Q

what dominates multicellular forms of life

A

sexual production

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18
Q

capable of producing both ‘male’ and ‘female’ gametes

A

hermaphrodites

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19
Q

example of hermaphrodites

A

sea slugs or hamlet fish

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20
Q

what can act on gamete production

A

selection

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21
Q

what is asymmetrical gamete investment

A

anisogamy

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22
Q

when you have selection on gametes, there are two strategies which are

A
  1. maximize fertilization rate
  2. maximize development, growth, and survival
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23
Q

anisogamy for females means

A

fewer and larger gametes (eggs)

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24
Q

what is the difference between the sexes in secondary sexual characteristics

A

sexual dimorphism

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24
Q

anisogamy for males means

A

many, small, motile gametes (sperm)

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25
Q

natural selection for mating success

A

sexual selection

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26
Q

competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the opposite sex

A

intrasexual selection

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27
Q

occurs when individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates

A

intersexual selection

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28
Q

the process of becoming male or female

A

sexual differentiation

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29
Q

primary step in sexual differentiation; often occurs at fertilizatioin

A

sex determination

30
Q

ovaries produce what

A

eggs

31
Q

testes produe

A

sperm

32
Q

what contains tissue that can become ovaries or testes

A

embryo

33
Q

epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, etc

A

wolffian duct

34
Q

fallopian tubes, uterus, cervis

A

mullerian duct

35
Q

gene that codes for TDF

A

SRY (sex determining region of the Y chromosome)

36
Q

protein that regulates gene expression for testes development

A

testis determination factor (TDF)

37
Q

what connects gonads to external environment

A

accessory sex organs

38
Q

what is required for wolffian duct development in males

A

testosterone

39
Q

what is secreted by testes; required for regression of mullerian ducts in males

A

mullerian inhibitory hormone

40
Q

penis and scrotum in males; clitoris and vaginal labia in females

A

external genitalia

41
Q

needed for development of male genitals

A

5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

42
Q

enzyme that converts T to DHT

A

5a-reductase

43
Q

what is the default sex

A

female

44
Q

XO; develop normally as females, but must be treated with sex steroids as teenagers to induce puberty

A

turner syndrome

45
Q

females exposed to androgens secreted from ovaries or adrenal glands during development; results in slight to moderate masculinzation

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

46
Q

XY; complete or partial absence of androgen receptors

A

androgen insensitivity syndrome or testicular feminized mutant

47
Q

XY; individuals lack the enzyme needed to reduce T to DHT

A

5a- reducatase deficiency

48
Q

extra X or Y chromosome

A

sex chromosome trisomy

49
Q

XXY; develop as males, often have learning disabilities and are usually sterile

A

klinefelter

50
Q

males are generally taller than average, lower intelligence; used to think represented at higher than average frequencies in prison populations- currently disputed

A

XYY syndrome

51
Q

differences in appearance, physiology and behavior between types of males

A

alternative male morphs

52
Q

what posses ovotestes and produce both sperm and egg

A

simultaneous hermaphrodites

53
Q

what begin life as female and switch to male or begin as male and switch to female

A

sequential hermphrodites

54
Q

term for beginning life as a female

A

protogynous

55
Q

term for beginning life as a male

A

protoandrous

56
Q

if your bigger in fish what does it mean

A

it can produce more eggs

57
Q

being bigger in clownfish it means

A

you can produce more eggs

58
Q

what is the basis for behavior

A

the brain

59
Q

what states that hormones secreted early in development organize the brain for later hormonal activation as adults

A

organizatinal/ activational hypothesis

60
Q

who states the organizational/ activationalhypothesis

A

william c young

61
Q

mating posture assumed in females

A

lordosis

62
Q

mating posture assumed by males

A

mounting

63
Q

what is mating behavior regulated by

A

gonadal hormones as adults

64
Q

OVX means

A

ovaries removed

65
Q

effects of hormones during a critical period of development to determine how the animal responds to hormones in adulthood

A

organizational effects

66
Q

acute effects of hormones on behavior during adulthood

A

activational effects

67
Q

the time period during which organizational hormones can have their effects

A

critical period

68
Q

what is thought to have masculinizing effects in many species, if it reaches the brain

A

estradiol

69
Q

what is the aromatization hypothesis

A

testosterone has its effects by being aromatized to E2

70
Q

in developing female rodents what is present and binds to E2 and what does it do

A

alpha-fetoprotein and it prevents E2 from acting on its recepotors and causing masculinzation

71
Q

what are some factors influencing sex differentiation

A
  • in birds, maternal provisoning of steroids too offspring through egg yolk
  • in mammals, placement of developing fetuses in the uterine environment
  • paternal care by mothers
  • levels of stress
  • endocrine-disrupting chemicals
72
Q

what are compounds found in the environment that mimic steroid hormone function

A

endocrine-disrupting chemicals

Hormones and Behavior (4 decks)

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