Endocrine System Flashcards
what is the network of hormone-secreting organs that coordinate homeostatic and physiologic processes including reproduction, development, metabolism, growth, and behavior
endocrine system
endocrine glands such as the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal secrete what
hormones
hormones travel through circulatory systems to
target cells
hormones bind to their receptors which trigger a
cellular response
why does the endocrine system work
feedback mechanisms
H-P-G or T or A axis
what are differences between endocrine and nervous system signaling
nervous system is faster
endocrine signaling is where
in the blood
paracrine signaling acts on
neighboring cells
autocrine signaling acts on
itself
what is synaptic signaling
specialized paracrine signaling
what is neuroendocrine signaling
neurons that use electric signals and synapse on blood vessels
any substance that is produced by a cell that affects the function of another
chemical messenger
a chemical messenger that evokes proliferation of other cells, especially in the immune system
cytokine
a chemical messenger that is released into the bloodstream or tissue fluid system that affects the function of target cells some distance from the source
hormonea
a hormone produced by a neuron
neurohormone
a hormone that changes the response of a neuron to some other factors
neuromodulator
a peptide hormone produced by a neuron
neuropeptide
a steroid hormone produced by a neuron
neurosteroid
a chemical messenger that acts across the neural synapse
neurotransmitter
hormone-like chemical which is generally not produced by an endocrine gland, but has effects through the bloodsteam
parahormone
precursors to other hormones, can be hormones themselves
prohormone
example of parahormone
prostaglandins
example of prohormone
testosterone
are endocrine gland ductless
yes
do endocrine glands have a rich blood supply
yes
do hormones travel in the blood to every cell in the body
yes
are there specific binding sites for hormones embedded in the cell membrane or inside the cell and interact with the particular hormone or class of hormones
yes
polypeptides, insulin, epinphrine are water or lipid soluble
water
steroids, cortisol, thryoxine are water or lipid soluble
lipid
what are the largest groups of hormones
protein and peptide hormones
where are protein/peptide hormones stored
in vesicles in cells
how are prortein/ peptide hormones released
exocytosis
how are protein/ peptide hormones removed
by degradation or excretion
where do protein/peptide hormones act on
cell surface receptors
are protein/peptide hormones soluble in blood
yes
what are made from single amino acids
monoamines
what do monoamines include
catecholamines and indoleamines
examples of catecholamines
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) derived from tyrosine
examples of indoleamines
serotonin and melatonin
whare are serotonin and melatonin derived from
tryoptophan
what is tyrosine hydroxylase doing
adding a hydroxyl group
what is tested when examining the thyroid
TSH
what makes 5-HT and MEL
trytophan
what is serotonin
5-HT
what is made from cholesterol
steroid hormone
do steroid hormones pass through plasma membrane
yes
where are steroid hormones stored
no in the cells but instead are released as they are produced
where do steroid hormones bind
intracellular receptors
what is the structure of steroid hormones
3 six-carbon rings plus five carbon ring
how are steroid hormones identified
by the number of carbons
what do steriod hormones include
androgens
estrogens
corticoids
what is C27
cholesterol
what are C21’s
progestins and corticoids
C19 is
androgens
C18 is
estrogen
what does C21 and other Cs mean
bigger molecules
what is progesterone involved in
reproduction
what are two stress hormones
corticosterone
cortisol
what are progesterone, corticosterone, cortisol hormone class
steroid hormones
what kind of hormone is testosterone
prohormone
how do we make 17beta- estradiol from testosterone
through aromatase
how do we have DHT from testosterone
5alpha- reductase
what receptor releases second messengers with the help of a G protein in cells to produce cellular cascade
g protein- coupled receptor
what receptor opens ion channels in response to hormone or neurotransmitter binding
ligand-gated ion channel
what receptor is an enzyme that phosphorylates kinases and starts cellular cascade
receptor tyrosine kinases
what are protein hormone receptors
g protein-coupled receptor
ligand-gated ion
receptor tyrosine kinase
steroid hormone receptor
intracellular receptor
what receptor bind to hormone, move to nucleus and act as TF
intracellular receptor
do hormones act through feedback mechanisms
yes neg and pos
what receives information from nervous system and secretes releasing hormone
hypothalamus
what receives releasing hormones from the hypothalamus and secretes tropic hormones
pituitary gland
what triggers hormone secretioni in gonads, thyroid or adrenal glands
tropic hormones
brain region receives info from nervous system and secretes releasing hormones
hypothalamus
what hormones are produced by hypothalamus
gonadotropin releasing hormone
thyrotropin releasing hormone
corticotropin releasing hormone
growth hormone releasing hormone
what gland receives releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and secretes tropic hormones
pituitary gland
what hormone are produced by the pituitary gland
luteinizing hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropin hormone
growth hormone
what do tropic hormones do
trigger hormone secretion in endocrine glands like gonads, thyroid or adrenal glands
example of tropic hormones
estradiol
progesterone
testosterone
triiodothyronine
tetraiodothyroxine
corticosterone
cortisol
what is an outgrowth of the brain
posterior pituitary
whats a vasopressin
ADH
what two hormones are in the posterior pituitary
ADH
oxytocin
how many hormones does the anterior pituitary produce
6
name the anterior pituitary hormones
FSH
LH
ACTH
prolactin
MSH
GH
