Homeostasis and Behavior

Question 1

what is homeostasis?

Answer 1

maintenance of an internal balance regardless of external environment

Question 2

do all animals have to eat?

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

do all animals have to drink?

Answer 3

all animals need water but not necessarily from drinking

Question 4

how do we define obesity

Answer 4

BMI of 30 or higher

Question 5

what are examples of homeostasis factors

Answer 5

temperature
blood pH
glucose concentration
salinity

Question 6

what do most cellular processes require?

Answer 6

specific internal conditions

Question 7

what are some examples of specific internal conditions?

Answer 7

metabolic demands
enzymatic reactions
membrane transport

Question 8

maintaining homeostasis requires what?

Answer 8

work

Question 9

work requires what?

Answer 9

energy

Question 10

maintaining homeostasis increases ….?

Answer 10

fitness

Question 11

what can lead to higher fitness

Answer 11

changing homeostatic conditions

Question 12

give an example of what lizards do to change their homeostatic conditions to lead to higher fitness

Answer 12

they elevate their body temperature when facing infection

Question 13

what are examples of internal stimuli

Answer 13

hormones and genetics

Question 14

what are examples of external stimuli

Answer 14

environmental cues

Question 15

by maintaining certain conditions through homeostasis it makes things what?

Answer 15

more predictable

Question 16

are humans endotherms?

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

are animals mostly water or salt

Answer 17

water

Question 18

adapting to land required managing what

Answer 18

water retention and loss

Question 19

maintaining water balance relies on

Answer 19

osmosis

Question 20

what causes thirst

Answer 20

changes in osmotic conditions

Question 21

what is thirst

Answer 21

motivation to seek and ingest water

Question 22

can thirst be measured directly

Answer 22

no

Question 23

what are the two types of thirst

Answer 23

osmotic “intracellular thirst”

hypovolemic “extracellular thirst”

Question 24

what is thirst mediated indirectly by

Answer 24

AVP via salt balance

Question 25

what does AVP cause

Answer 25

water retention by kidneys

Question 26

after max water retention achieved by kidneys what is triggered

Answer 26

thirst

Question 27

what can lead to the inability to produce AVP

Answer 27

genetic mutations

Question 28

you lose copious amounts of water through urination so what do you do to compensate

Answer 28

consume water

Question 29

what reduces water intake

Answer 29

AVP injection

Question 30

AVP release is triggered by?

Answer 30

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus (paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nuclei)

Question 31

what else is thirst also mediated by?

Answer 31

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Question 32

what detects drop in blood pressure and or volume

Answer 32

baroreceptors in blood vessels

Question 33

baroreceptors trigger what when they detect the drop in blood pressure

Answer 33

release of renin

Question 34

renin causes release of

Answer 34

angiotenin

Question 35

angiotensin triggers release of

Answer 35

aldosterone in adrenal glands

Question 36

aldosterone triggers what

Answer 36

drinking behavior

Question 37

what do animals need to maintain homeostasis and perform necessary functions of life

Answer 37

energy

Question 38

give examples how animals use their energy to maintain homeostasis

Answer 38

- growth, repair and development - reproduction/ parental care - activity/ behavior

Question 39

where does energy come from

Answer 39

stored chemical energy in food

Question 40

food=

Answer 40

macronutrients (carbs, proteins, and lipids)

Question 41

macronutrients can be broken down into what

Answer 41

fuels

Question 42

fuels are oxidized to form what?

Answer 42

ATP

Question 43

animals need a continous supply of what for cellular work

Answer 43

energy

Question 44

many animals do no continuously eat; this requires what

Answer 44

energy balance

Question 45

metabolic fuels provided from digested food

Answer 45

fed state

Question 46

metabolic fuels provided from the breakdown of stored food

Answer 46

fasting state

Question 47

hormones associated with fed state metabolism

Answer 47

insulin glucagon leptin ghrelin

Question 48

what are neuropeptides associated with fed state metabolism

Answer 48

proopiomelanocortin cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript neuropeptide Y agouti-related protein

Question 49

hormones associated with fasting state metabolism

Answer 49

insulin glucogon leptin ghrelin

Question 50

neuropeptides associated with fasting state metabolism

Answer 50

proopiomelanocortin coacine and amphetamine regulated transcrippt neuropeptide Y agouti-releted protein

Question 51

blood glucose concentration is main signaling controlling food intake

Answer 51

glucostatic hypothesis

Question 52

fat storage molecules (leptin) is main signal controlling food intake

Answer 52

lipostatic hypothesis

Question 53

evidence of glucostatic hypothesis

Answer 53

glucose levels drop prior to meals in most animals

Question 54

evidence of lipostatic hypothesis

Answer 54

treatment with leptin decreases food intake

Question 55

early evidence for lipostatic hypothesis came from?

Answer 55

obese mutant mice

Question 56

what are the two strains of genetic mutants for obese mutant mice

Answer 56

ob/ob and db/db

Question 57

what does hyperphagic mean

Answer 57

ate significantly more than wild type

Question 58

diabetic mice are hyperglycemic which means

Answer 58

high blood sugar levels

Question 59

infertile mice means low gonadalsteriods which means

Answer 59

no estrus cycles or spermatogenesis

Question 60

what is the surgical attachment of animals to allow sharing of circulatory system

Answer 60

parabiosis

Question 61

what gene codes for circulating factor that inhibits feeding

Answer 61

Ob

Question 62

what gene codes for receptor for the circulating factor

Answer 62

Db

Question 63

what is a protein hormone secreted by adipocytes in proportion to body fat content

Answer 63

leptin

Question 64

leptin is coded for what gene

Answer 64

ob gene

Question 65

when do you have high concentration of leptin/ vs low

Answer 65

high: fed animals low: fasting animals

Question 66

treatment with leptin decreases what

Answer 66

food intake in many species

Question 67

what species do we see that leptin decreases food intake when treated with leptin

Answer 67

mice rats hamsters monkeys

Question 68

what did treatment with leptin in humans look like

Answer 68

slight decrease in food intake, but they developed a resistance quickly

Question 69

what interact in the brain to affect ingestve behavior and energy usuage/ storage

Answer 69

lipostatic, glucostatic, and other signals

Question 70

what are the brain regions associated with control of neural circuitry of feeding

Answer 70

hindbrain hypothalamus

Question 71

what detected gastrointenstinal signals

Answer 71

hindbrain

Question 72

what detects adiposity and nutrient availability signals

Answer 72

hypothalamus

Question 73

what are two neural circuits that seem to regulate food intake

Answer 73

NPY/AgRP POMC/CART