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geography > Settlement & Urbanisation > Flashcards

Settlement & Urbanisation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three settlement patterns?

A
  • dispersed
  • linear
  • nucleated
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2
Q

what is a dispersed settlement?

A

an isolated building or a group of two or three buildings, separated from the next by 2 or 3 km

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3
Q

what is a linear settlement?

A

Buildings are strung along a line of communication e.g. a main road, a river valley, or a canal

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4
Q

what is a nucleated settlement

A

when a lot of towns are close together around a central feature, but further out there are few buildings

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5
Q

what is site?

A

the physical nature of where a settlement is located – the actual piece of land

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6
Q

what is situation?

A

describes settlement about other settlements and physical features around it – this determines whether the situation will grow into a large city or remain a small town or village

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7
Q

10 factors influencing settlements

A
  • wet point site: this has a good water supply
  • drypoint site: this has less risk of flooding
  • building material: availability of stone, wood, clay, etc.
  • fuel supply: for heating and cooking
  • food supplies: land suitable for farming
  • nodal points: where routes converge
  • shelter: from cold prevailing winds and rain
  • climate: A good climate attracts more people.
  • fertile land: brings in more farmers.
  • location: access to trades and raw materials.
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8
Q

10 functions of settlements

A
  • Political
  • Dormitory
  • Agricultural
  • tourism
  • Mining
  • Port
  • Market town
  • Fishing
  • Residential
  • Industrial
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9
Q

what is the hierarchy of settlements (bottom to top)?

A
  • isolated dwelling
  • hamlet
  • village
  • small town
  • large town
  • city
  • metropolis
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10
Q

what is sphere of influence?

A

an area served by a settlement

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11
Q

what are services?

A

facilities that are offered to people e.g. supermarkets. services have a threshold population, which helps explain why bigger settlements have more services

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12
Q

what is range?

A

the distance that people are prepared to travel to use a service

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13
Q

what is threshold population?

A

the minimum amount of people required for a service to be offered and remain open.

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14
Q

what are high order goods?

A

goods that people buy less frequently. they tend to be more expensive, and people will normally compare quality and price before purchasing e.g. a car

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15
Q

what are low order goods?

A

goods that people buy every day. They don’t usually cost much money, and people would not normally travel far to buy them e.g. bread and milk

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16
Q

what is urban sprawl?

A

the spread or growth of an urban area into the rural-urban fringe; provides mainly middle–order services

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17
Q

function of rural areas?

A

usually is agriculture & low-order services. this is because rural areas have fewer people, poorer transport, poorer communication, less technology, & the land is better used for other purposes

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18
Q

function of urban areas?

A

tend to have many more functions e.g. shopping to educational, transport, administrative, and residential functions; and more middle and high-order services

19
Q

what is the Central Business District (CBD)?

A
  • centre point of the city and has the highest land prices
  • the most accessible point in the city
  • high-rise buildings and skyscrapers
20
Q

what are the land uses of the CBD?

A
  • Leisure and recreation - may include open land
  • residential - High/multi-storey buildings.
  • transport - road and rail networks, train stations and airports
  • business and commerce - offices, shops, and banks
  • industry - factories, warehouses, and small production centres
21
Q

what is the function of the CBD?

A

retail, entertainment, financial services, and other professional services

22
Q

why is the CBD in the centre?

A
  • a central location for roads/railways to converge
  • the most accessible location for workers
  • accessible to most people for shops and businesses
23
Q

what are some problems faced in the CBD?

A

congestion, pollution, and lack of space

24
Q

what is the inner city?

A
  • typically found next to CBD
  • it has mainly terraced houses in a grid-like pattern
25
Q

what is the suburbs?

A
  • urban sprawl and owning cars led to the construction of well-planned and spacious houses
  • larger than inner city terraces & most have a garden
  • typically, detached or semi-detached
  • roads are arranged in cul-de-sacs and wide avenues
  • land prices are cheaper than in CBD and inner city
  • demand can make some areas expensive
26
Q

what is the outer city estate?

A
  • located on the fringes of cities with varied housing
  • people relocated here when the inner city was being redeveloped
27
Q

what is the rural - urban fringe?

A
  • this is found at the edge of a town or city
  • a mixture of land uses, e.g. housing, golf courses, allotments, businesses, parks and airports.
28
Q

where are factories built?

A
  • as close as possible to the CBD but with enough space
  • next to canals and railways to transport materials
  • next to rivers for cooling, power source or waste disposal
  • next to land where lots of workers could live
29
Q

problems of urban growth in urban areas for people?

A
  • overcrowded
  • unable to obtain jobs/low pay
  • pressure on schools/hospitals
  • increased crime rates
  • difficulties of waste/litter
  • traffic congestion
  • noise pollution
  • lack of sanitation
  • poor quality of life
  • food shortage
30
Q

problems of urban growth in urban areas for the environment?

A
  • loss of vegetation
  • loss of habitats
  • impacts on food chains
  • pollution of rivers
  • death of fish/other species
  • pollution of groundwater
  • air/atmospheric pollution
  • rivers dry up
31
Q

why do rural areas search for rapid urban growth?

A
  • better transport links, e.g. road, rail, river
  • better trading prospects
  • nearby natural resources, e.g. fuel
  • better job prospects
  • better schools and hospitals
  • better supply of electricity, gas and water
  • varied entertainment
32
Q

what is rural-urban migration?

A
  • the movement of people from the countryside towards cities
  • rural-urban migration is the main cause of urbanisation
33
Q

what are the push factors from a rural area?

A
  • no/poorly paid jobs
  • mechanisation of farming
  • agricultural products have low prices
  • poor schools/healthcare
  • lack of entertainment
  • poor housing quality
  • drought/famine
  • shortage of resources
  • poor transport/comms.
34
Q

what are the pull factors to an urban area?

A
  • more jobs
  • good schools/healthcare
  • good transport/comms
  • reliable supply of resources
  • better entertainment
  • better quality & quantity of
    houses
  • pace and excitement
  • government support
35
Q

what is a squatter settlement?

A

a rural residential area which has developed without legal claims or permission to build on the land.

36
Q

what are the features of a squatter settlement?

A
  • extremely high home density
  • extremely high population density
  • houses built from mud for walls, iron for roofs
  • no electricity
  • no running water or sewage
  • diseases spread easily
  • the pungent smell of human waste
  • no infrastructure or privacy
37
Q

case study: settlement and service provision: Sardinia general facts

A
  • located in europe
  • small island SW of italy
38
Q

Sardinia low settlement hierarchy

A
  • Bosa
  • small town on west coast of sardinia
  • 3km inland on the bank of temo river
  • argriculture + fishing play important part in economy
  • most beautiful beach in italy
  • growing in popularity for tourism
39
Q

sardinia large town

A
  • carbonia
  • built to provide housing for nearby miners
  • carbonia comes from italian work “coal”, an abundant resource in the region
  • mines closed in 70’s so theres a high rate of unemployment
40
Q

sardinia city

A
  • caligari
  • capital city
  • main commercial and industrial centre of the island
  • one of the largest fish markets in italy
  • vast array of fish for sale to public and trade
  • one of the biggest container terminals in mediteranean area
41
Q

case study: urbanisation: rio de janeiro general facts

A
  • 25% of rio’s population live in favelas
  • largest favela is rocinha in rio
  • red command is most powerful gang
42
Q

rio de janeiro 6 economic impacts of urbanisation

A
  • people paid low wages - around 5 pounds daily. they work long hours to feed their families
  • renting favela is cheap and sometimes water and electricity is free, if not affordable.
  • housing can be expanded upwards if you want to make more room
  • there are jobs in favelas to make a lviing from e.g. cleaners, market stalls. people can earn money to feel families and send kids to school
  • children can go to school in either morning or afternoon. if they attend most lessons, the parents get 20 pounds a month
  • children have to work to help earn money for family. some kids cant go to school as they need to work
43
Q

rio de janeiro 7 social impacts of urbanisation

A
  • people work long hours to earn enough to feed familis
  • small housing, only 2 rooms usually. one for cooking and relaxing, one for sleep - it can get very crowded
  • renting favela and food and resources are cheap. there is nice views as well.
  • diseases can spread from the sewage and people can die from diarrhoea
  • local council improved favelas by adding water pipes and electricity cables.
  • children can go to school morning and/or afternoon and they can get paid to do so
  • people in favelas are close to neighbours, helping eachother improve housing and spending time with eachother
  • sometimes gunshots ring out from the gangs. there is a lot of crime and drugs within and can become violent due to gangs.
44
Q

rio de janeiro management of the favelas

A
  • forced eviction - creates space for development but can cause homelessness
  • low cost housing - many can afford but leads to overcrowding
  • site and service - high quality resources but leads to depletion of resources
  • self help schemes - can improve standard of living but some may just sell materials for money
  • rural development - less urbanisation but loss of wildlife
  • increasing policing - decrease crime rates but police brutality can occur
  • raise taxes - more money for government spending but less money for locals

geography (12 decks)

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