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AP Psychology > Set 0 > Flashcards

Set 0 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Brain

A

Neuroscience (Biological)

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2
Q

How humans and animals evolved over a LONG period of time

Darwin, Evolution, Natural Selection,

A

Evolutionary (Biological)

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3
Q

Your inborn traits (nature) vs your learned experiences (nurture)

A

Behavior Genetics (Biological)

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4
Q

The Unconscious

Unconscious, Freud

A

Psychoanalytic / Psychodynamic

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5
Q

LEARNING through behavior, not thinking

Learning, rewards, punishments, skinner, poview, watson

A

Behavioral

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6
Q

Emphasis on THINKING not behavior

Thinking, memory, intelligence, language

A

Cognitive

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7
Q

The impact your culture or area has on your thinking and behavior

Any time you get an example where they show persons heritage/area impacting them

A

Social-Cultural

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8
Q

Free will, love, acceptance, being the best you can be (HIPPY)

Free will, healthy growth potential, Maslow, Rodgers

A

Humanistic

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9
Q

Many people believe that they can rely in their _________ and __________ __________, but these methods can lead to wrong conclusions, this Psychology is needed.

A

intuition, common sense

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10
Q

When people believe that they could have predicted the outcome of an event after it has happened is known as _________ _________.

Ex: After the bucks won the championship back in 2021, Me saying that I knew that all along

A

Hindsight Bias

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11
Q

When someone thinks they know more then they actually do is known as _____________.

Ex: Me thinking I could have solved the anagrams in under a minute: TAEWR = WATER

A

Overconfidence

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11
Q

The scientific attitude of _______ (passion to explore), _________ (doubting and questioning), and _______ (ability to accept responsibility when wrong).

A

Curiosity, Skepticism, Humility

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12
Q

_________ __________ does not accept arguments and conclusions blindly.

A

Critical Thinking

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13
Q

A ______ is an explanation that connects, organizes and predicts behavior or events.

A

Theory

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14
Q

A ___________ is a testable prediction often set up by a theory. It allows us to reject, or revise our theory.

A

Hypothesis

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15
Q

The degree to which is a study can be disproven is called its levels of _____________.

A

Falsfibility

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16
Q

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of __________ (what we do) and __________ _________ (inner thoughts and feelings).

A

Behavior, mental processes

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17
Q

Sometimes researchers will start with a ____ ____________ which is a prediction that there is no relationship between the two variable being studied.

A

Null Hypothesis

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18
Q

Through _______ we can test our hypothesis.

Running a experiment: _____

Case study, survey, naturalistic observation, correlations: _____

A

Research

Experimental

Non-experimental

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19
Q

A good __________ __________ gives a specific measurable quantity to a variable so that others can repeat a study, known as __________.

A

Operational Definition

Replication

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20
Q

A _____ _______ is a technique where one person is studied in depth.

A

Case study

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21
Q

A ______ is a technique of questioning a representative sample of people to find out: attitudes, opinions, and behaviors.

A

Survey

22
Q

The _______ ________ refers to the fact that the way a survey is worded can effect how people answer it.

A

Wording effect

23
Q

The _______-________ _______ happens when people don’t accurately report or remember their behavior.

A

Self-report bias

24
Q

If you overestimate the extent to which others are similar to you are using the _______ ____________ ________.

A

False consensus effect

25
Q

Whole group to be studied = ______________________

The actual people studied = ______________________

If everyone has an equal chance to be studied = _________________

A

Population

Sample

Random Sample

26
Q

__________ ______ occurs when an experimenter has a sample group that doesn’t exist. A good sample should allow you to __________ that the findings you discovered in the lab will also apply to the outside world.

A

Sampling bias

Generalize

27
Q

When you break apart your sample by some predetermined important criteria first (age, race, gender) and then we do a random sample we call a ______________ _________.

A

Stratified sample

28
Q

When you observe and report about animals or humans in their natural environments it Is known as ___________ ________.

A

Naturalistic observation

29
Q

______ __________ consist of experts in the field who can look over your work for originality and accuracy.

A

Peer reviewers

30
Q

When one trait or behavior pairs with another we say the two _________.

A

Correlate

31
Q

We represent correlations lie this: R= +0.37 or R= -0.65
R= __________ _____________
(+) or (-) = ____________ ____________ __ _____________
Number= __________ ___________ ___ _____________.

A

Correlation coefficient

Indicate direction of relationship

Indicates strength of relationship

32
Q

A ___________ is a graph comprised of points that are generated by values of two variables.

A

Scatterplot

33
Q

The ____ _________ _________ occurs when there is a variable we aren’t aware of that is affecting two other variable, making it look like there is a relationship between them.

A

3rd Variable Problem

34
Q

WARNING: Just because you have found a ____________ between 2 things doesn’t mean that one necessarily caused the other.

A

Correlation

35
Q

Beleving a relationship between two variables where no relationship actually exists is known as ________ __________.

A

Illusory correlation

36
Q

BE CAREFUL: Given random data we may try to look for ______________ _____________ even when there aren’t any! Remember, given large numbers of random outcomes it may give the illusion of order. Eventually any unusal occurrences will even out over time. The phenomenon is known as _________ ________ ___ ________.

A

Meaningful patterns

Regression towards the mean

37
Q

__________ are the backbone of psychological research because through it we can try to find cause and effect relationships.

A

Experiments

38
Q

In experimentation we separate our groups into the __________, the groups receiving the drug/treatment and _________, the group not receiving the drug/treatment. Everything else stays the same.

A

Experimental

Control

39
Q

An ___________ __________ is the factor that we manipulate. The
that factor may change because of the ________ _________ is known as the ________ _________.

A

Independent Variable

Independent Variable

Dependant Variable

40
Q

__________ __________: Number based results

__________ __________: Not number based, narrative based

A

Quantitative Results

Qualitative Results

41
Q

Only two variables that should be present during the experiment, the IV and DV. A variable that we don’t want to show up is called a __________ variable.

A

Confounding

42
Q

The people in the control group are different in some way from the experimental group are called _______-_________ _________ ____________.
EX: First 50 people vs last 50 people

The situation the control group goes through than the experimental group goes through are called a __________-________ __________ __________.
EX: Distractions, time of day, environment

A

Participant-relevant confounding variables

Situation-relevant confounding variables

43
Q

Many things can ruin the results of an experiment. A few of these include the __________ _________: The subjects believe in the experiment will work, so their minds make it work,
________ _________: The person running the experiment affect the results in a way that benefits them,
______ _________ _______: The participant in an experiment acts like they believe they are “supposed to act”,
___________ ___________: People change their behavior just because they know that they are being watched.

A

Placebo effect

Experimenter Bias

Social Desirability Bias

Hawthorne Effect

44
Q

The goal is to make your results ___________ meaning what you found in the lab applies to people outside of your lab.

A

Generalizable

45
Q

_______-________ ________: The subject doesn’t know what group they are in.

_______-________ ________: The subject and experimenter doesn’t know which group each subject is in.

A

Single-blind procedure

Double-blind procedure

46
Q

By using ________ _________, which means giving each person an equal chance to be in either group, it will allow for the best results.

A

Random assignment

47
Q

Stats that represent the data you found (mean, median, mode, range, histogram, percentile rank, etc)

Stats predict how generalizable your numbers are / statistical significance, p value, etc

A

Descriptive Status

Inferential Status

48
Q

A _______ is a bar graph that examines the results of a study.

A

Histogram

49
Q

A ___________ _____ is a measure of the percent of scores lower than the given score.

A

Percentile rank

50
Q

Measures of _________ _________:
Mean: Average
Median: Middle Number
Mode: Most Frequently Used

A

Central Tendency

51
Q

A ________ _________ occurs when you scores lack symmetry. YOu have too high or too low of outliers.

A

Skewed distribution

52
Q

Measures of _________:
Range: Difference of highest/lowest scores
Standard Deviation: A computed measure of how scores vary about the mean
Variance: Standard Deviation Squared

A

Variation

53
Q

When is an observed difference reliable?

A

-People you chose aren’t bias/represent general population
-The greater the sample size, the better
-More studies done in the area the better: Meta analysis; combining results of different studies together.

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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