Session 9: Repiratory System Flashcards
Why is the inferior aspect of the lung curved upwards?
It lies on the top of the domed diaphragm
Why does the lung appear shiny?
Moist pleura
What is it called when the space between the two plural layers fill with air?
Pneumothorax
What is it called when the space between the two plural layers fill with blood?
Heamothorax
What is it called when the space between the two plural layers fill with pus?
Empyema
What is it called when the space between the two plural layers fill with watery exudate?
Pleural effusion
When fluid needs to drained from the pleural cavity how is this carried out?
Insert a needle into the 7th intercostal space avoiding the the intercostal nerves and vessels which run along the inferior boarder of each rib.
Why does a cancer of the lung cause paralysis of one side of the diaphragm?
It can impinge on the left or right phrenic nerve
What is a pancoast tumour?
Tumour of the pulmonary Apex
What is Horner’s Syndrome?
Horner’s syndrome is a combination of symptoms that arises when a group of nerves known as the sympathetic trunk is damaged.
Name 3 symptoms of Horner’s Syndrome.
- Miosis (constructed pupil)
- Ptosis (droopy upper eyelid)
- Anhidrosis (localised decreased sweating)
What is the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?
Nasal cavity to bronchioles
What is the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?
Bronchioles to alveoli (where gas exchange takes place)
How many lobes does the right lung consist of?
3
How many lobes does the left lung consist of?
2
Which portion of the respiratory tract is extrapulmonary?
Conducting portion
Which portion of the respiratory tract is intra-pulmonary?
Respiratory portion
TRUE OR FALSE: the walls of the passageways within the respiratory tract become thinner as their lumens decrease in diameter?
TRUE- that gas exchange though!
Describe the type of epithelium and cells present from the nasal cavity to the largest bronchioles.
Pseudostratified epithelium with cilia and goblet cells
Describe the type of epithelium and cells present in terminal bronchioles.
Simple columnar epithelium with cillia and Clara(ew)/ cub cells but no goblet cells
Describe the type of epithelium and cells present in respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts.
Simple cuboidal epithelium with Clara cells and a few sparely shattered cillia
Describe the type of epithelium and cells present in alveoli.
Simple squamous (type one and type 2 pheumocytes present)
What are olfactory regions?
Areas which detect odour
Describe olfactory regions.
- Pseudostratified epithelium
- No mucus secreting goblet cells
- Cillia non-motile
- Serous glands (bowmans glands) flush odourants from the epithelial surface
Describe the Cartilage of the trachea.
Completely encircles the lumen (along with spiral muscle)
What happens in CODP? (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
- Goblet cell hyperplasia
- Smaller proportion of cilliated cells
- Hypertrophy of submucous glands
(I.e. More mucus and fewer cillia to move it)
Describe the Cartilage of primary bronchi.
Arranged in irregular crescents plates or islands
Describe the Cartilage of bronchioles.
None there ahahahaha (the surrounding alveoli keep the lumen open)
What is the role of Clara cells?
Secrete surfactant lipoprotein
Why are goblet cells not present in the narrower airways?
To prevent individuals from ‘drowning’ in their own mucus
Describe alveolar walls.
- Abundant capillaries
- Basketwork of electric and reticular fibres
- 90% type 1 pneumocytes
- 10% type 2 pneumocytes
What shape are type 1 pneumocytes?
Squamous
What percentage of pneumocytes are type 1?
90%
What percentage of pneumocytes are type 1?
10%
What shape are type 2 pneumocytes?
Cuboidal
What is emphysema?
Destruction of alveolar wall and permanent enlargement of air spaces causing shortness or breath.
What is pneumonia ?
Inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria.
