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Body Logistics > Session 9 > Flashcards

Session 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A 
hyaline cartilage (glassy)
elastic cartilage (elastic)
fibrocartilage (fibrous)
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2
Q

Describe the composition of hyaline cartilage

A

the matrix contains type II collagen, which is thinner than type I so it has a fine mesh
hyaluronate proteoglycan aggregates bound to fine collagen matrix fibres
tough dense tissue often containing fluid- as much as 70% fluid
found at the ends of bones

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3
Q

Describe the composition of elastic cartilage

A

the matrix contains many elastic fibres and type II collagen in elastic lamellae layers
tough but flexible tissue- flexible because of the elastic fibres

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4
Q

Describe the composition of fibrocartilage

A

matrix contains lots of type I collagen because they are found in fibroblasts
small amount of collagen type II fibres
found in high compressibility places in between bones

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5
Q

What are chondrocytes and where are they found?

A

found in all the types of cartilage

lays down the fibres and matrices

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6
Q

How are chondrocytes present?

A

present as single cells or, if recently divided, in small clusters called isogenous groups

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7
Q

Why do the chondrocytes within isogenous groups separate?

A

they separate as they are laying down extracellular matrix

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8
Q

Where does hyaline cartilage remain?

A

at the articulating surface and at the epiphyseal plate until bone growth ceases

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9
Q

What does isogenous mean?

A

equal origin

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10
Q

Is hyaline cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

avascular- there is no blood supply

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11
Q

What does the loose matrix allow?

A

for the diffusion of materials

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12
Q

Describe the features of the extracellular matrix and how it is formed

A

chondrocytes produce and maintain the EM
the EM is solid and firm but also pliable (high water content) and therefore resilient to the repeated application of pressure- it will return to the original shape

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13
Q

What does hyaluronic acid do?

A

assists resilience to the repeated application of pressure

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14
Q

Where is the high resilience?

A

mature chondral region

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15
Q

How is compression prevented?

A

the proteoglycan structure in cartilage ground substance attracts a lot of water due to the many GAGs and hyaluronic acid

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16
Q

Each chondrocyte lies in…

A

a lacuna

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17
Q

What happens when chondrocytes are placed under pressure?

A

mechanical signals increase synthetic activity to release the pressure- makes more matrix which secretes into the extracellular space and causes chondrocytes to divide/ separate from each other which expands the size of the tissue

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18
Q

Where is the perichondrium and what does it contain?

A

it covers the margin of hyaline cartilage

contains elongated, fibroblast like cells that can develop into chondroblasts and then into chondrocytes

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19
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

growth from the periphery

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20
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

growth from the centre

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21
Q

What type of tissue is the perichondrium?

A

a dense connective tissue

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22
Q

What is the structure of hyaline cartilage?

A

dense connective tissue
perichondrium
growing cartilage- appositional growth

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23
Q

What is the function of cartilage in the tracheal wall?

A

reinforces trachea and helps to protect and maintain the airway

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24
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

in the pinna of the ear
the Eustachian tube (connects ear to mouth)
the epiglottis

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25
Q

Fibrocartilage is a combination of…

A

dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage

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26
Q

How are the cells arranged?

A

often seen distributed in rows

27
Q

What is a difference of this cartilage to the others?

A

there is no surrounding perichondrium

28
Q

Where is this fibrocartilage present in?

A

intervertebral discs
articular discs of sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints
the menisci of the knee joint
pubic symphysis

29
Q

What does the fibrocartilage act as?

A

a shock absorber (stops two bones banging together) and to resist shearing forces and twisting actions

30
Q

Why does fibrocartilage appear haphazard?

A

because the cartilage moves in many different directions

31
Q

What does cartilage do?

A

acts as a template for bone formation

32
Q

How does bones develop in the foetus?

A

the long bones grow by endochondral ossification

33
Q

How does the bone form from cartilage?

A

the cartilage is replaced by mineralised extracellular matrix to form bone

34
Q

Where are the growth plates, the diaphysis, the metaphysis and the epiphysis found?

A

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_and_General_Biology%2FBook%253A_General_Biology_(Boundless)%2F38%253A_The_Musculoskeletal_System%2F38.2%253A_Bone%2F38.2D%253A_Growth_of_Bone&psig=AOvVaw3adlM4tT5jKDL6yR0gfssk&ust=1605641996772000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCMCl2troh-0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

35
Q

Describe the long bone development at 5-6 weeks in a foetus

A

the initial cartilage model, the bone is just hyaline cartilage

36
Q

Describe the long bone development at 6-8 weeks in a foetus

A

the collar of periosteal bone appears in the diaphysis region
compact bone grows all the way around the edge

37
Q

Describe the long bone development at 8-12 weeks in a foetus

A

the central cartilage calcifies, the nutrient artery penetrates and supplies bone depositing osteogenic cells
the primary ossification centre is formed

38
Q

Describe the long bone development at the postnatal stage

A

the medulla becomes cancellous bone
cartilage forms epiphyseal growth plates
epiphyses develop secondary centres of ossification

39
Q

Describe the long bone development at the prepubertal stage

A

epiphyses ossify and growth plates continue to move apart, lengthening the bone

40
Q

Describe the long bone development at the mature adult stage

A

epiphyseal growth plates replaced by bone

hyaline articular cartilage persists unless broken down by damage or age

41
Q

How does bone increase in width/ girth?

A

using periosteal (intra-membranous) ossification

42
Q

What are the 5 zones in an epiphyseal growth plate?

A 
zone of...
reverse cartilage 
proliferation
hypertrophy 
calcified cartilage
resorption
43
Q

Describe the function of the cells in each zone

A

RC- no cellular proliferation
P- cells actively dividing to form columns, cells enlarge and secrete matrix
H- cells enlarge greatly
CC- enlarged cells begin to degenerate and matrix calcifies
R- small blood vessels and connective tissue invade the region occupied by dying chondrocytes, leaving the calcified cartilage as spicules between them

44
Q

What is the key hormone in the growth of bone?

A

oestrogen

45
Q

How does this hormone act on the growth?

A 
during puberty, increases growth through activation of the alpha receptor isoform 
on maturity (ish 25 years) growth stops via activating the beta receptor isoform
46
Q

Where are osteoids found?

A

They grow around the outside of the spicule, this traps the osteoblasts in the bone, these osteoblasts are now called osteocytes

47
Q

What is the composition of the bone matrix?

A

organic and inorganic

35% and 65% respectively

48
Q

What does the inorganic matrix consist of?

A 
calcium hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphate, carbonate, chloride) 
- this mineralises the collagen matrix and makes it into bone
magnesium salts/ aluminium salts
49
Q

What does the inorganic matrix do?

A

resists bending and compression forces

it gives bone its main strength

50
Q

What does the organic matrix consist of?

A

collagen I
GAGs and proteoglycans
non collagenous proteins

51
Q

What does the organic matrix do?

A

resist pulling and tension forces

52
Q

Describe the osteoprogenitor

A

stem cell

inner layer of the endosteum and periosteum

53
Q

Describe the osteoblast

A

intermediate cells that can’t be divided
inner layer of the endosteum and spicules
lay down new bone

54
Q

Describe the osteocyte

A

terminally differentiated bone cells
trapped within osteon
no longer lay down matrix- they are involved in tissue maintenance

55
Q

Describe the osteoclast

A

huge cells
fused monocytes
on the surface of the cortical bone (endosteum)
resorption of existing bone

56
Q

What happens once the osteocytes are released?

A

they turn back into an osteoblast and make more bone

57
Q

What are osteons?

A

lamellae (layers) of compact mineralised collagen

58
Q

What do osteons do?

A

trap osteoblasts that produced the bone
sit in small depressions, lacunae
send out long filopodia to communicate with the other osteocytes

59
Q

Osteoblasts are found in cortical bone

A

FALSE

found only on edges where they degrade bone

60
Q

Osteoarthiritis (OA) degeneration and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are the least common cartilage diseases

A

FALSE

most common

61
Q

What is the main difference between OA and RA?

A

OA is a mechanical problem while RA is an autoimmune problem

62
Q

What happens in OA?

A

the joint space narrows so bone rubs against bone which destroys the cartilage

63
Q

What happens in RA?

A

there is inflammation of a synovial membrane which causes thickening of the joint capsule
there is subsequent damage to the underlying bone and articular cartilage, both the bone and cartilage disintegrate
antibodies destroy the cartilage and erode bones at the edges, where periosteum is and causes inflammation

64
Q

How do these conditions cause joint pain?

A

due to the growth of bony spurs (osteophytes) as cartilage is gone which cause inflammation and pain

Body Logistics (10 decks)

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