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Body Logistics > Session 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Session 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pre embryonic period?

A

describe what happens in this period

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2
Q

Describe the process of fertilisation

A

from oocyte to implantation

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3
Q

Describe what happens in week 1 (how the blastocyst is formed)

A 
cleavage
zona pellucida
morula
blastocyst- what does this contain?
totipotent and pluripotent 
hatching
implantation
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4
Q

How do assisted reproductive techniques work?

A

in vitro
4 or 8 cell stage
morula to uterus
PGD

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5
Q

What happens in week 2?

A

differentiation
syncytiotrophoblast
cytotrophoblast
bilaminar disk (what is this?)

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6
Q

What is the fibrin plug?

A

blood clot

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7
Q

What happens by the end of week 2?

A 
implanted
embryo + its two cavities
suspended 
within 
supporting sac
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8
Q

Describe the process of implantation

A

interstitial
blood flow
chorionic villus

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9
Q

What are the conditions linked to implantation defects? Describe them

A

IUGR
pre eclampsia
ectopic pregnancy (Fallopian tube implant)
placenta praevia (lower uterine segment implantation)

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10
Q

Describe the embryonic pole and the abembryonic pole

A

syncytiotrophoblast

primitive yolk sac

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11
Q

What happens in the latter half of the second week?

A 
primitive yolk sac pushed away
reticulum layer
maternal sinusoids
uteroplacental circulation
secondary yolk sac
extraembryonic mesoderm 
connecting stalk
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12
Q

Define the different cavities (blastocyst cavity, amniotic sac, primitive yolk sac, secondary yolk sac, extraembryonic coelom)

A 
first cavity
spaces within the epiblast
hypoblast lining blastocyst cavity
definitive yolk sac
chorionic cavity
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13
Q

Describe the embryonic period

A

3 to 8
change
malformation

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14
Q

What is teratogenesis and when is it possible?

A

the process by which congenital malformations are produced in an embryo or fetus
pre embryonic
embryonic
fetal

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15
Q

What are the key events?

A 
fertilisation and implantation
gastrulation
neurulation 
segmentation
folding
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16
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

epiblast
dorsal surface

leads to the migration and invagination of epiblast cells

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17
Q

Describe the process of invagination and migration

A 
epiblast cells
intracellular junctions
embryonic disk
hypoblast 
third layer
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18
Q

What is the trilaminar disk?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
epiblast layer

remove ectoderm layer
endoderm two patches
mouth anus

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19
Q

What are the derivatives of the sections of the trilaminar disk?

A

organs structures
contact with outside world
nervous system
epidermis

supporting tissues
muscle cartilage bone
vascular system

internal structures
epithelial lining of GI
respiratory tract too

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20
Q

What is situs invertus?

A

mirror image
immotile cilia
problem forms from both normal and mirror image

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21
Q

Describe the left right asymmetry

A

bilaterally symmetrical
l lung two lobes r lung three lobes
thoracic and abdominal viscera

primitive node
ciliated cells
left ward flow of signalling molecules
without get right sidedness

22
Q

Describe the function of the notochord

A 
rod of cells
midline
conversion ectoderm
signalling molecules
endoderm not have receptors
23
Q

How does the neural plate form?

A

ectoderm thickens

neural tube formation:
edges elevate out of plane of disk
curl
SEE CARD 27

24
Q

Label the new different parts of the mesoderm

A 
paraxial
intermediate
somatic
splanchnic
intraembryonic coelom
25
Q

What are somites? What is the organised degeneration that follows?

A 
paraxial mesoderm
31 in total
start off with 1st pair at day 20 in occipital region before gastrulation
more appear in a craniocaudal sequence 
42 to 44 pairs at the end of week 5
some disappear 
regular block 
mesoderm cells 
small cavity
organised degeneration:
ventral wall
sclerotome
further organisation of the dorsal portion forms...
myotome
dermatome
26
Q

What are the somite derivatives?

A 
dermatome
- dermis
myotome
- muscles
sclerotome
- bones
27
Q

How does folding occur?

A

neural tube
curl under yolk sac
cephalocaudal folding
lateral folding

see images

28
Q

What does folding achieve?

A 
margins
ventral body wall
amniotic membrane
amniotic sac
connecting stalk
29
Q

What happens at the end of the fourth week?

A

nervous system
segments
folded embryo

30
Q

What holds cells together?

A

cell cell adhesion molecules
extracellular matrix proteins
internal external scaffolding
close proximity

31
Q

What are the epithelial cell adherence systems?

A

lateral surface
- 5
basal surface
- 5

32
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

location?
fusion point
function?
paracellular transport

33
Q

What are adhesion junctions?

A 
location? 
pairs
formed from?
e- cadherin 
adhesion belt
function?
34
Q

What are desmosomes?

A 
strongest
location?
random 
mechanical stress
cytokeratin 
e- cadherin 
function?
epidermal cells
35
Q

What are gap junctions?

A 
location?
cardiac and smooth muscle
function?
Smooth muscle contraction
sperm, RBC and motile cells
cylinders of proteins
connexin switch
36
Q

What are hemi- desmosomes?

A 
location?
extracellular matrix
cytokeratin, laminin
basal lamina
function?
37
Q

What are focal adhesions?

A

similar function
actin filaments
integrins
fibronectin

38
Q

What are integrins?

A 
cohesive forces
alpha beta dimer
extracellular matrix
focal adhesion kinase
binding capacity
eg skin
39
Q

What do all of these adhesion properties/ proteins require?

A

presence of calcium ions in order to function

if insufficient Ca inside cell/ outside cell, adhesion molecules can’t hold in place

40
Q

Describe the mucosal membrane

A 
definition
continuous
mucus
function?
examples
41
Q

What are the layers in the GI tract?

A 
mucosa
muscularis mucosae 
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa
42
Q

Describe the structure- function relationships in the oesophagus

A

epithelium
submucosa
muscularis externa

43
Q

Label the layers in the stomach

A

rugae
3 layers of smooth muscle in stomach- ME
how are rugae held in this position?

44
Q

Label the layers in the jejunum

A

jejunum- middle segment of the small intestine
plicae circulares
at this stage what is the function of these layers/ structures
two layers to the ME

45
Q

Label the layers in the colon

A 
colon= large intestine 
MM at this magnification
simple columnar epithelium 
water and electrolytes 
Lieberkuhn- function?
aggregations of lymphoid tissue
46
Q

What is the function of the mucosa in the GI tract?

A

absorb
prevent
move

epithelial specialisations
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae
muscularis externa

47
Q

Describe the structure of the urinary tract

A 
structural unit = nephron
corpuscle lining
square shaped
proximal tubes
basal lamina
48
Q

Where is the muscle first appearing in the GI tract?

A

ureter and bladder

urothelium

49
Q

Describe the structure of the bladder and the urethra

A 
fat shock absorber
mucus
acidic urine protection
tight junctions
function of transitional epithelium
similar 
squamous ➡️ keratinised squamous
mucus glands
absorption 
prevention
removal
50
Q

Describe the structure of the respiratory tract, trachea and primary bronchi, alveolus

A

gaseous
conducting and respiratory

trachaelis muscle 
hyaline cartilage ring
primary similar but cartilage and spiral muscle differences
food?
mucosa
submucosa
c shaped hyaline cartilage 
secretions from epithelium and submucosal glands contain?
cilia wave
mucociliary escalator

flattened specialised epithelium
folds in basal lamina
at the juntion
connective tissue

51
Q

Describe the mucociliary escalator in the trachea

A 
unusually thick 
lamina propria 
elastic fibres
sugar
white patches 
GOBLET CELL
52
Q

What are the secondary and tertiary bronchi?

A 
similar 
cartilage no longer present
epithelium pseudostratified
smooth muscle
seromucous glands
crescent shaped
no outer layer of smooth muscle

Body Logistics (10 decks)

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