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Body Logistics > Session 5 > Flashcards

Session 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a gland and secretion?

A

epithelial cell
aggregate of epithelial cells
specialised
secretion of a substance

production
release
material
cell or aggregate of cells

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2
Q

How are glands classified?

A

structure

release of products method

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3
Q

Describe the endocrine glands

A 
secrete directly into blood flowing through them
secrete hormones
ductless
e.g.
pituitary gland
anterior and posterior
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland

all epithelium;ial cells secrete hormones in the gland

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4
Q

Describe exocrine glands

A 
ducted
secrete into location or region of the body
secrete enzymes or lubricants
e.g.
salivary gland
pancreas
mammary
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
lachrymal glands

only cells at the apex of the duct secrete the products

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5
Q

Describe the steps involved in the generation of glands (in utero)

A
  1. growth signal received
  2. proliferation + extracellular degeneration enzymes
  3. epithelial cells invade
  4. exocrine gland; canalicularisation
  5. endocrine glands; angiogenic factors stimulate blood vessel growth
  6. link to mother cells broken
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6
Q

How does branching occur? (lung example)

A 
basic FGF10 
immature fibroblasts
epithelial cells move to signal 
two fates:
- tubule elongation
- tubule branching
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7
Q

What are the different shapes of gland ducts?

A

exocrine
cells lining ducts
cells make secretory products

simple tubular, simple branched tubular
compound tubular
simple alveolar, simple branched alveolar
compound alveolar, compound tubuloalveolar

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8
Q

What are myoepithelial cells?

A

cells at secretory ends change morphology and class

these are cells
have features of epithelial and smooth muscle cell
help eject secretions from duct

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9
Q

Explain the breast example

A

same process development as salivary glands
developments stops until puberty
oestrogen and progesterone restarts breast production
prolactin stimulates production of breast milk secretions

6th week therefore men too

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10
Q

What three ways can you classify glands?

A 
merocrine
- fusion vesicles apical membrane 
apocrine
- partial loss cytoplasm 
holocrine
- complete loss cytoplasm 
cytocrine
- cells released as secretion
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11
Q

What are the two pathways for merocrine secretion?

A

exocytosis

regulated secretion
needs Ca
secretory granules accumulate large vesicles released by exocytosis

constitutive secretion
secretory product not converted to granules packaged into small vesicles
continuously released to cells surface
repopulate plasma membrane with plasma proteins

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12
Q

Describe the process for regulated secretion in more detail

A 
active process
contents of vesicle anything within cell
active secretion needs specific signal
vesicle migrates to cell surface
with Ca ions membrane of vesicle fuses
cargo released
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13
Q

Describe the apocrine secretion example of the breast

A 
neonatal period
fats secreted
milk proteins
free ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
(merocrine)

during lactation
fats and proteins
apocrine

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14
Q

Describe the holocrine secretion example of the sebaceous gland

A 
secretory cell fills up
organelles degenerate
cells die
plasma membrane breaks
dead cells replaced

if attached to hair
same process

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15
Q

Describe how the Golgi apparatus is involved in secretion

A

might need to research

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16
Q

What is glycosylation of proteins/lipids? Describe the functions of it

A

covalent attachment
sugars
enzymes
forms glycoproteins and glycolipids

roles
aid folding
prevent protein digestion
prevent lipid digestion
cell recognition 
cell to extracellular matrix attachment

critical function
50%

17
Q

What is exocytosis and endocytosis?

A

exo
secretion of molecules
outside cell
vesicle fusing to membrane

endo
engulfing molecules
inside cell
vesicle formation

18
Q

What is phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

A

phago
cells envelop/ engulf
cells/ particles
cells of immune system

pino
liquid droplets ingested by cell
all cells

19
Q

Describe the four types of processes of transcytosis

A 
1. molecules move
aqueous channels
2. lipid cell membranes
3. molecules appropriate characteristics 
transported by carrier proteins
counter transport process
4. impermeable 
bind to cell surface receptors 
endocytosis
exocytosis

eg

  1. amino acids
  2. steroid hormones
  3. thyroxine transport
  4. cholesterol
20
Q

What are the types of glandular control?

A 
humoral stimulus
feedback loops
neural stimulus
salivary glands 
hormonal stimulus
endocrine glands
21
Q

Describe the feedback loops for each stimulus

A

use picture on slide

22
Q

What is neurocrine communication?

A

eg hypothalamus to pituitary
hypothalamo- hypophyseal portal system

learn diagram (need to know above system)

23
Q

What does the hypothalamus deal with and produce?

A

thermoregulation
plasma osmolality
lactation
etc

vasopressin and oxytocin
six hormones travel via hypothalamo- hypophyseal portal system to anterior pituitary

24
Q

What are portal systems?

A

portal vs circulatory

25
Q

Why is there always a small concentration of pituitary hormones in the blood?

A

all of the pituitary hormones are subject to constitutive and regulated secretion

26
Q

What happens from week 5 onwards in embryology in the development of the endocrine system?

A

on ventral surface
pituitary- from neurohypophyseal bud and hypophyseal pouch
thyroid- from floor of pharynx
parathyroid- develop from third and fourth pharyngeal pouches
adrenals- from intermediate mesoderm and neural crest
pancreas- from the foregut

27
Q

Describe the thyroid gland

A

anterior trachea of neck
left lobe and right lobe, connected by a narrow isthmus
a normal thyroid can’t be easily palpated on a physical examination
under the actions of TSH and TSAb’s produces T4 and T3

28
Q

What are the clinical consequences of autoantibodies in the thyroid gland?

A

high t3 and t4 = hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
presents with anti TSH and TSI antibodies

low t3 and t4 = hypothyroidism
Hashimotos disease
presents with anti- TPO and anti- TG antibodies

29
Q

Describe the parafollicular cells

A

neuroendocrine cells migrate to thyroid during thyroid development
produce calcitonin
independent of thyroid hormone synthesis
role to monitor plasma Ca concentration levels and decrease if too high
major effect: inhibits osteoclast activity in bone
minor effect: inhibits Ca and phosphate reabsorption in tubules

30
Q

Describe the parathyroid gland

A

constantly monitors plasma calcium concentrations
when conc of Ca is low, the gland makes parathyroid hormone
PTH releases calcium from bones and absorbs more Ca from the GI tract
negative feedback loop

31
Q

Why is calcium important?

A

most important for nervous, skeletal and muscular system
allows muscles to contract
this is why parathyroid disease causes symptoms of the brain, muscles and bones

32
Q

Describe the structure of the adrenal gland

A 
right gland
left gland
medulla
cortex
right and left have their own blood supply
33
Q

Describe the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex

A

medulla composed of a parenchyma of large epitheliod cells (not epithelial as have no basement membrane)- chromaffin cells
myelinated, presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibres pass directly to chromaffin cells
when nerve impulses reach the chromaffin cells they release adrenaline and noradrenaline
chromaffin cells equivalent of post synaptic neurones

cortex has three layers; zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

34
Q

What is the stress response?

A

activation of the response initiates a number of behaviour and physiological changes that improve an individuals change of survival when faced with homeostatic challenges

behavioural:

35
Q

Where are the principal effectors of the stress response located?

A

s

36
Q

What are the short term and long term responses to stress caused by the adrenal gland?

A

sq

37
Q

Describe the structure of the pancreas

A

a

38
Q

What are the cells that make up the endocrine gland component?

A

s

39
Q

Name the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas

A

s

Body Logistics (10 decks)

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