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TOB > Session 9 > Flashcards

Session 9 Flashcards

0
Q

What can neuroglia be divided into?

A
  • Microglia

- Macroglia

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1
Q

What types of nerve cells are there?

A
  • Glia (90%)

- Neurones (10%)

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2
Q

Describe the types of Macroglia

A
  • Astrocytes: comprise the blood brain barrier, assist in transfer of nutrients and waste, phagocytic functions, physical support for neurones, found in CNS
  • Oligodendrocytes: myelinated up to 250 axons per cell in CNS
  • Ependyma: Line ventricles and central canal of spinal chord, found in CNS
  • Swann cell: myelinated 1 axon per cell in PNS
  • Satellite cells: physical support of neurones in PNS
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3
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A
  • Support neurones
  • Maintain homeostasis
  • Form myelin and insulate neurones
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4
Q

What is the function of Microglia?

A
  • Immune and inflammatory functions

- Found in both CNS and PNS

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5
Q

What do neurone cell bodies contain?

A
  • Nissl substance (protein synthesis)
  • Nucleus and nucleolus
  • Golgi apparatus (packaging transmitters into vesicles)
  • Dendrites
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6
Q

Where is the nucleus in healthy neurones?

A
  • Central
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7
Q

What is grey matter?

A
  • Collections of neuronal cell bodies
  • Nuclei in CNS
  • Ganglia in PNS
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8
Q

What is white matter?

A
  • Collections of axons eg a peripheral nerve
  • Fibre tracts in CNS
  • Nerves in PNS
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10
Q

How are peripheral nerves arranged?

A
  • Singular axon is covered by endoneurium
  • Group of axons in a fascicle is covered by a perineurium
  • Group of fascicles and blood vessels in a peripheral nerve is surrounded by an epineurium
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11
Q

What happens if a neurone is severed?

A
  • Nerve stump is formed (proximal segment of axon seals to prevent leakage of cell contents)
  • Distal segment dies and undergoes Wallerian degeneration as is cut off from nutritional support of cell body
  • Cell body puffs up with increased contents
  • Nucleus displaced to the periphery
  • Process is chromatolysis
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12
Q

What is an afferent neurone?

A
  • Carries signals from periphery to CNS

- Sensory neurone

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13
Q

What is an efferent neurone?

A
  • Neurone that carries signals from the CNS to the periphery

- Motor or autonomic neurone

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14
Q

How do Schwann cells insulate neurones?

A
  • Doesn’t conduct electricity due to lipid content
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15
Q

How can efferent nervous system (signals from CNS) be divided?

A
  • Somatic
  • Autonomic:
    ~ Sympathetic
    ~ Parasympathetic
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16
Q

Describe the structure of the somatic NS

A
  • 1 neurone carries signal directly to effector organ
  • Effector organ: always skeletal muscle
  • Efferents are under-developed at birth but fully developed by puberty
17
Q

What are the functions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Homeostasis of the internal environments through regulation of systems in the body eg cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, thermoregulative
  • Promotes excretory mechanisms of the body as and when necessary
18
Q

What are the effector organs of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Visceral organs
  • Smooth muscle
  • Secretory glands
  • Cardiac muscle
19
Q

Compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems within the autonomic nervous system

A
  • Common standard anatomical layout eg same number of synapses
  • Differ in detail of respective anatomy eg lengths of neurones
  • Equal number of synapses in a series arrangement
  • Various synapses use different neurotransmitters
20
Q

What is the general layout of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • 2 neurones meet at a ganglion in the PNS
  • One cell body in the CNS (pre-ganglionic neurone)
  • One cell body in the PNS (post-ganglionic neurone)
  • Post-ganglionic neurone ends at the effector organ
  • Meninges is the barrier between CNS and PNS
21
Q

What is the outflow for the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Thoraco-lumbar outflow
22
Q

What is the outflow for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Cranial-sacral outflow
23
Q

Describe the structure of the sympathetic nervous system

A
  • Nerve fibres have cell bodies in all 12 thoracic sections and the first 2 lumbar sections
  • Have short pre-ganglionic neurones and long post-ganglionic neurones
24
Q

Describe the structure of the parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • Long pre-ganglionic neurones and short post-ganglionic neurones
25
Q

What are the functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Fight/Flight/Fright response
  • Diversion of blood to muscles and heart
  • Increase in heart rate
  • Increase in blood pressure
  • Reduced blood flow to GI tract and skin
  • Hyperventilation
26
Q

What are the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Relaxation
  • Reduced heart rate and force of contraction
  • Promotes digestion
  • Promotes bodily functions such as bladder emptying
  • Promotes sleep
27
Q

What neurotransmitters are used in the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Pre-ganglionic neurones are cholinergic (use acetylcholine)
  • Post-ganglionic neurones express nicotinic receptors, are noradrenergic (use noradrenaline)
  • Exception: perspiration and ejaculation pathways have cholinergic
28
Q

What neurotransmitters are used in the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Pre-ganglionic neurones are cholinergic (use acetylcholine)
  • Post-ganglionic neurones express nicotinic receptors and are cholinergic (use acetylcholine)

TOB (12 decks)

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