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TOB > Session 1 > Flashcards

Session 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the definition of tissue?

A
  • A collection of cells specialised to form a particular function
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1
Q

Define Histology

A

The study of the structure of tissues by means of special staining techniques combined with light and electron technology

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3
Q

What are the classifications of tissue?

A
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Epithelial
  • Nervous
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4
Q

What is the definition of biopsy?

A

The removal of a small piece of tissue from an organ or part of the body for microscopic examination

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5
Q

What types of biopsy are there?

A
  • Smear
  • Endoscopic
  • Needle
  • Transvascular
  • Direct incision
  • Curettage
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6
Q

What fixatives are used?

A
  • Glutaraldehyde
  • Alcohol
  • Formaldehyde
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7
Q

Why are fixatives used?

A
  • Prevents biological reactions from occurring

- Preserves cells so that thin slices can be prepared

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8
Q

Give 2 types of staining

A
  • Haemotoxylin and Eosin

- Periodic Acid Shift

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9
Q

What does H&E stain and what colour?

A
  • BASIC parts, eg cytoplasm, are stained PINK

- ACIDIC parts, eg nucleolus, are stained BLUE

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10
Q

What does PAS stain and what colour?

A

Glycoproteins and carbohydrates are stained magenta

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11
Q

What types of microscopy are there?

A
  • Phase contrast
  • Dark field
  • Fluorescence
  • Confocal
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12
Q

What is the definition of Epithelia?

A

Sheets of contiguous cells, of various embryonic origin, that cover the external surface of the body and line internal surfaces

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13
Q

Why do shrinkage artefacts occur?

A

Because of the dehydration and rehydration of the sample

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14
Q

Describe and give functions and examples of simple squamous Epithelia

A
  • Flattened cells, are wider than they are tall
  • Short diffusion distance, lubrication, gas exchange, barrier, active transport by pinocytosis
  • Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus, alveoli, mesothelioma (body cavities - peritoneum, pleurae, pericardium), endothelium (arteries, veins, capillaries, lymphatics), inner and middle ear
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15
Q

Describe and give functions and examples of simple cuboidal Epithelia

A
  • same height and width
  • absorption, secretion, hormone synthesis, storage and mobilisation, barrier/covering
  • exocrine glands, kidney tubules, thyroid follicles, ovary
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16
Q

Describe and give functions and examples of simple columnar epithelia

A
  • Long and thin
  • Absorption, secretion, lubrication, transport
  • Stomach, gastric glands, small intestine, colon, gall bladder, large ducts of some exocrine glands, oviducts, uterus, ductuli efferentes of testis
17
Q

What do simple columnar epithelia commonly have?

A
  • Microvilli increase surface area in small intestine
  • Glands eg goblet cells in small intestine
  • Tight junctions (zone occludens) with complexes (occludin) that bind adjacent cell membranes together. Acts a barrier and regulates permeability
18
Q

Describe and give functions and examples of simple pseudostratified epithelia

A
  • Looks stratified as nuclei at different levels, but all cells are attached to the basement membrane
  • Secretion, particle trapping and removal, absorption, mucus secretion
  • Lining of nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi (URT), epidiymis and ductus deferens, auditory tube and part of tympanic cavity, lacrimal sac, large excretory ducts
19
Q

What does simple pseudostratified epithelia commonly have?

A
  • cilia: extensions that beat in waves to sweep mucus and dirt (and ovum in Fallopian tube)
  • Glands eg goblet cells
  • Stereocilia eg very long Microvilli in epididymis and ductus deferens
20
Q

Describe and give functions and examples of stratified squamous epithelia

A
  • Non-keratinised: oral cavity, oesophagus, larynx, part of anal canal (GI), vagina, surface of cornea, inner surface of eyelid
  • Protection against abrasion and reduces water loss
  • Keratinised: surface of the skin, parts of mouth and anal canal
  • Protection against abrasion, reduces water loss, shields against Uvula light and prevents ingress of microbes
21
Q

Describe and give functions and examples of stratified transitional epithelia

A
  • Bumpy uppermost layer, usually 3 or more layers thick
  • Renal calyces, ureters, bladder, female urethra
  • distensibility, protection of underlying tissue from toxic chemicals
22
Q

What are the key features of the basement membrane?

A
  • Is thin, flexible and acellular
  • Lies between Epithelia and underlying connective tissue
  • Epithelium adheres to it
  • Acts as a filter
  • Can be augmented by reticular fibrils (type III collagen)
23
Q

How large are most human cells?

A
  • 10-20 um
24
Q

What type of tissue is a smear biopsy used for?

A
  • Cervix or buccal cavity
25
Q

What type of tissue is a curettage biopsy used for?

A
  • Endometrial lining of uterus
26
Q

What type of tissue is a needle biopsy used for?

A
  • Brain
  • Breast
  • Liver
  • Kidney
  • Muscle
27
Q

What type of tissue is a direct incision biopsy used for?

A
  • Skin
  • Mouth
  • Larynx
28
Q

What tissue is an endoscopic biopsy used for?

A
  • Lung
  • Intestine
  • Bladder
29
Q

What type of tissue is transvascular biopsy used for?

A
  • Heart

- Liver

TOB (12 decks)

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