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MEH A > Session 8 Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Session 8 Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland form?

A

A complex functional unit that serves as the major link between the endocrine and nervous system

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2
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Site beneath the hypothalamus in a socket of bone called sella turcica at the base of the skull

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3
Q

What do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland modulate?

A

Body growth, reproduction, adrenal gland function, water haemostasis, milk secretion, lactation, thyroid gland function and puberty

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4
Q

What does the pituitary gland consist of?

A

Anterior lobe and posterior lobe

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5
Q

What is the anterior lobe also called?

A

Adenohypophysis

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6
Q

What is the posterior lobe also called?

A

Neurohypophysis

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7
Q

What is the difference between the anterior and posterior lobe?

A

They have distinct embryological origins and distinct functions

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8
Q

What is the embryological origin of the anterior pituitary?

A

arises from oral ectoderm (rathke’s pouch) growing up from the roof of the mouth (primitive gut tube)

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9
Q

What is the emboli gal origin of the posterior pituitary?

A

Arises from ectodermal tissues growing downwards from the diencephalon of the developing brain (primitive brain tissue)

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10
Q

Is there a physical link between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

A

Yes - between the posterior lobe of pituitary and the hypothalamus

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11
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

This is a structure through which the axons form the hypothalamus pass down and terminate in the posterior pituitary

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12
Q

Why is the posterior pituitary not its own gland?

A

Because it does not synthesise any hormones and consists of axones and terminals that originated in the hypothalamus

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13
Q

What is the neurocrine function of the posterior pituitary ?

A

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesised by the hypothalamus but stored and released form the posterior pituitary.

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14
Q

Where is the oxytocin and ADH produced?

A

By neursecretory cells in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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15
Q

How does the oxytocin and the ADH get from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

A

Transported down nerve cell axons

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16
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

Milk let down and uterus contractions during birth

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17
Q

What stimulates the release of oxytocin?

A

The stimulus of suckling. Also during childbirth, the stimulus of pressure on the cervix and uterine wall

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18
Q

What does ADH stand for?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

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19
Q

What is another name for ADH?

A

Vasopressin

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20
Q

What is the function of ADH?

A

Regulation of body water volume

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21
Q

How is the control over the anterior pituitary gland controlled?

A

Mediated by tropic hormones released by the hypothalamus into the local blood supply

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22
Q

How do the hormones synthesised by the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary?

A

Transported down axons an stored in median eminence

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23
Q

How are the hormones released from the anterior pituitary?

A

Released from the median eminence into the local system of blood vessels called the hypophyseal portal system

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24
Q

Why are the tropic hormones so named?

A

Because they affect the release of other hormones

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25
Q

Where is the median eminence?

A

Just above the anterior pituitary gland - not inside the gland

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26
Q

What types of hormonal function does the anterior pituitary have?

A

Endocrine, autocrine and paracrine

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27
Q

How many tropic hormones are produced in the hypothalamus?

A

7

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28
Q

What are the different tropic hormones?

A

TRH, PRH, PIH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH and GHIH

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29
Q

Overall, what do the 7 tropic hormones do?

A

They control the hormonal secretions of five types of target endocrine cells within the anterior pituitary gland

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30
Q

What does TRH stand for?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

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31
Q

What does PRH stand for?

A

Prolactin releasing hormone

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32
Q

What does PIH stand for?

A

Prolactin release-inhibiting hormone

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33
Q

What does CRH stand for?

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

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34
Q

What does GnRH stand for?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone

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35
Q

What does GHRH stand for?

A

Growth hormones releasing hormone

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36
Q

What does GHIH stand for?

A

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

37
Q

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, PRL and GH

38
Q

What is TSH?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Secretion of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland

39
Q

What is ACTH?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Secretion of hormones form adrenal cortex

40
Q

What is LH?

A

Luteinising hormones

Ovulation and secretion of sex hormones

41
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

Development of eggs and sperm

42
Q

What is PRL?

A

Prolactin

Mammary gland development and milk secretion

43
Q

What is GH?

A

Growth hormone

Growth and energy metabolism. Sitmulates IGFs

44
Q

What hormones from the hypothalamus stimulates TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

TRH

45
Q

What hormones from the anterior pituitary does the CRH stimulate the release of?

A

ACTH

46
Q

What hormone form the anterior pituitary is released in response to TRH and PIH?

A

Prolactin

47
Q

What hormones are released from the hypothalamus in order to release GH from the anterior pituitary?

A

GHRH and GHIH

48
Q

What hormones form the anterior pituitary are released in response to GnRH?

A

LH and FSH

49
Q

What type of regulatory feedback system control the secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones, anterior pituitary hormones and peripheral effector hormones?

A

Negative feedback loop

50
Q

What happens in the ultra short loop negative feedback?

A

The hypothalamus releasing factor itself limits its own production in an autocrine/paracrine fashion (within the hypothalamus)

51
Q

What happens in the short loop negative feedback mechanism?

A

Comes from either the inhibition of hypothalamic releasing hormone production or stimulation of hypothalamic inhibiting hormone mediated by the anterior pit hormone

52
Q

What types of hormone is a growth hormone?

A

Polypeptide hormone

53
Q

What is the function of growth hormone?

A

Main stimulator of body growth in humans

54
Q

What produced growth hormone?

A

Produced by the somatotrope cells in the anterior pituitary under the control of the growth hypothalamic hormone GHRH and GHIH

55
Q

What is another name for GHIH?

A

Somatostatin

56
Q

Describe growth hormone secretion?

A

Occurs in a pulsatile fashion, with circadian rhythm and a maximal release late at night

57
Q

What factors affect growth?

A

Genetics, nutrition, environment and hormones

58
Q

What stimulates the production of growth hormones?

A

Hypothalamic GHRH

59
Q

What inhibits production of growth hormones?

A

Hypothalamic somatostatin

60
Q

What happens in response to growth hormones?

A

Cells in the liver and skeletal muscle secrete insulin like growth factors (IGFs) also called somatomedins

61
Q

What are IGFs?

A

They are hormones that act to stimulate body growth and regulate metabolism

62
Q

Why are IGFs so named?

A

Because several of their actions are similar to those of insulin

63
Q

Are growth hormones orally active and why?

A

Growth hormones are proteins therefore not orally active

64
Q

What is GH essential for?

A

Normal growth during childhood and teenage years

65
Q

Function of GH in children?

A

Stimulates long bone growth

66
Q

Function of IGFs in children?

A

Stimulate both bone and cartilage growth

67
Q

What is the function of GH and IGFs in adults?

A
  • Maintain muscle and bone mass
  • Promote healing and tissue repair
  • Modulate metabolism and body composition
68
Q

What is the principal control mechanisms of GH secretion?

A

GHRH and somatostatin from the hypothalamus

69
Q

How can the CNS regulate GH secretion?

A

Does this via inputs into the hypothalamus effecting GHRH and somatostatin levels

70
Q

Give examples of how CNS regulates GH levels?

A

Surge in GH secretion after onset of deep sleep. R.E.M. Dec GH secretion. Stress inc GH secretion. Exercise inc GH secretion

71
Q

How are GH levels regulated metabolically?

A

By plasma glucose and free fatty acid concentration

72
Q

How does metabolic substances affect GH secretions?

A

Dec in glucose or free fatty acid = inc GH
Fasting inc GH
Obesity dec GH

73
Q

How is GH secretion regulated?

A

Long loop and short loop negative feedback

74
Q

How does the long loop negative feedback control GH secretion?

A

Mediated by IGFs

  • Inhibits release of GHRH from hypothalamus
  • Stimulates the release of somatostatin form hypothalamus
  • Inhibit release of GH from anterior pituitary
75
Q

How does the short loop negative feedback affect GH secretion?

A

Mediated by GH itself via stimulation of somatostatin release

76
Q

How does GH exert its effects on cells?

A

GH receptors are coupled with Janus Kinases (JAKs)

77
Q

When the GH activates JAK, what happens?

A

Activation of transcription factors that turns on production of IGFs

78
Q

How many forms of IGF are there?

A

2 forms of IGF - IGF1 and IGF 2

79
Q

Where are IGFs mainly produced?

A

Liver and skeletal muscle

80
Q

How do IGFs work?

A

They circulate the blood bound to proteins which modulate their availability to activate IGF receptors on target cells

81
Q

What is main function of IGF 1?

A

Major growth factor in adults

82
Q

What is the main function of IGF -2 ?

A

Mainly involved in fatal growth

83
Q

What do IGFs modulate?

A

Cell growth, cell number, inc rate of protein synthesis, inc rate of lipolysis in adipose tissue and dec in glucose uptake

84
Q

What other hormones can influence growth?

A

Insulin, thyroid hormones, androgens, estrogens and glucocorticoids.

85
Q

How does insulin affect growth?

A

Enhances somatic growth - interacts with IGF receptors

86
Q

How do thyroid hormones affect growth?

A

Promote CNS development and enhance GH secretion

87
Q

How do androgens affect growth?

A

Accelerate pubertal growth spurt, inc muscle, promote closure of epiphyseal plate

88
Q

How do estrogens affect growth?

A

Dec somatic growth, promote closure of epiphysela plate

89
Q

How do glucocorticoids affect growth?

A

Inhibit somatic growth

MEH A (19 decks)

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