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MEH A > Session 1 Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Session 1 Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define metabolism

A

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

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2
Q

Define catabolic processes

A

Break down molecules to release energy in the form of reducing power.

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3
Q

Define anabolic processes

A

Use energy and raw materials to make larger molecules for growth and maintenance.

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4
Q

What are the four main branches of metabolism

A
  • Oxidative pathways
  • Fuel storage and mobilisation pathways
  • Biosynthetic pathways
  • Detoxification pathways
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5
Q

Define energy

A

The capacity to do work

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6
Q

What do living cells require energy for?

A
  • Biosynthetic work - synthesis of cellular components
  • Transport work - movement of ions etc
  • Mechanical work - muscle contraction
  • Electrical work - nervous conduction
  • Osmotic work - kidney
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7
Q

What form of energy is used in the body to drive activities?

A

Chemical bond energy

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8
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

Energy released is greater than the energy input

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9
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

Energy input is greater than the energy released

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10
Q

Reactions that require an input of energy are driven by…

A

Coupling it reactions that release energy. Coupling is usually via the ATP-ADP cycle.

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11
Q

What process releases the chemical bong energy in fuel molecules?

A

Oxidation

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12
Q

Can ATP be stored in the body?

A

No, but things that produce ATP such as fat and glycogen are stored in the liver.

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13
Q

Describe the ATP-ADP cycle

A
  • When last phosphodiester bond is broken, energy is released.
  • Some of this energy is conserved by the formation of ATP from ADP and pI.
  • The remainder of the energy is lost as heat.
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14
Q

What is the official SI unit of food energy?

A

Kilojoules (KJ)

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15
Q

What does ‘calorie’ in everyday use actually mean?

A

Actually means kilocalorie (1000 calories)

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16
Q

Define 1 kcal

A

The amount of energy needed to raise temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree celsius

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17
Q

How many KJ in a Kcal?

A

1Kcal = 4.2 KJ

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18
Q

What ar the different food groups?

A
  • Carbohydrate
  • Protein
  • Fat
  • Minerals
  • Vitamins
  • Water
  • Fibre
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19
Q

What are the macronutrients?

A

Carbohydrate
Protein
Fat

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20
Q

What are the micronutrients?

A

Minerals

Vitamins

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21
Q

Which food group mostly supplies our energy?

A

Carbohydrate

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22
Q

Describe the molecular structure of carbohydrates

A
  • General formula (CH2O)n
  • Contains aldehyde or ketone group
  • Multiple OH groups
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23
Q

What are the different types of carbohydrates?

A
  • Monosaccharide - single sugar units
  • Disaccharide - 2 units
  • Oligosaccharides - 3-12 units
  • Polysaccharides - 100s of units
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24
Q

Give some example of carbohydrates

A
  • Starch
  • Sucrose
  • Lactose
  • Fructose
  • Glucose
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25
Q

Name the polymers of glucose?

A

Starch - storage molecule in plants

Glycogen - storage molecule in animals

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26
Q

What is sucrose made of?

A

Glucose-fructose disaccharide

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27
Q

What is lactose made up of?

A

Galactose - glucose disaccharide

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28
Q

What is maltose made up of?

A

Glucose - glucose disaccharide

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29
Q

Describe the structure of proteins

A

Composed of amino acids joined to form linear chains

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30
Q

How many amino acids are used for protein synthesis in the body?

A

20

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31
Q

What are ‘essential amino acids’ and how many are there?

A
  • There are 9

- They can’t be synthesised by the body hence must be obtained by the diet.

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32
Q

Name all the essential amino acids

A

Isoleucine, Lysine, Threonine, Histidine, Leucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan and Valine

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33
Q

Why are certain amino acids conditionally essential?

A

Some amino acids become essential at periods of rapid growth as the body can’t make them fast enough.

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34
Q

What amino acids might children and pregnant women particularly need in their diet?

A

Arginine
Tyrosine
Cysteine

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35
Q

What is high quality protein?

A
  • Protein of animal origin

- Contains all essential amino acids

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36
Q

What is low quality protein?

A
  • Protein of plant origin

- Deficient in one or more essential amino acid

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37
Q

Describe the molecule structure of fats?

A

Lipid composed of triacylglycerols

3 fatty acids esterified to one glycerol

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38
Q

How much energy does fat have?

A

Fat contains much less oxygen than carbohydrate or protein.

Fat is more reduced so yields more energy when oxidised.

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39
Q

Why is fat so necessary in the body?

A
  • Required for absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E & K) from the gut.
  • Provides essential fatty acids eg linoleic and linolenic acids which can’t be synthesised in the body.
40
Q

Why are minerals important in the diet?

A

Electrolytes establish ion gradients across membranes & maintain water balance.

41
Q

Give example of where minerals are used in the body

A
  • Calcium and phosphorus needed for bones and teeth
  • Calcium is an important signalling molecule
  • Enzyme co factors - iron, magnesium, manganese, cobalt
  • Iron essential component of haemoglobin
42
Q

What are the three main electrolytes needed in the body?

A
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Chloride
43
Q

Why are vitamins so essential in the body?

A

Deficiency diseases if inadequate intake

44
Q

What is hypervitaminosis?

A

Condition of abnormally high storage levels of vitamins

45
Q

What are B12 and folate necessary for?

A
  • Essential for DNA synthesis

- Deficiency leads to anaemia

46
Q

Give examples of fat soluble vitamins

A

A D E K

47
Q

Give examples of water soluble vitamins

A

B1, B12, B6, biotin, C, choline, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid and riboflavin

48
Q

Where is dietary fibre found?

A

Cereal foods such as bread, beans, fruit and veg.

49
Q

Even though we can’t break down cellulose, why is it essential in our body?

A

Essential for a normally functioning GI tract

50
Q

Why can’t we break down cellulose?

A

Humans don’t have the enzyme to break the b-1,4 linkages in cellulose

51
Q

What is the recommended average intake of dietary fibre for adults?

A

18g/day

52
Q

What is low fibre associated with?

A

Constipation and bowel cancer

53
Q

What is high fibre associated with?

A

Reduce cholesterol and risk of diabetes

54
Q

What are DRVs?

A
  • Dietary Reference Values

- Series of estimates of the amount of energy and nutrients needed by different groups of healthy UK population

55
Q

Give some examples of DRVs

A

RNI, EAR and LRNI

56
Q

RNI

A
  • Reference nutrient intake

- Used for protein, vitamins and minerals

57
Q

EAR

A
  • Estimated average requirement
  • Used for energy
  • Requirement for roughly 50% of the population
58
Q

LRNI

A
  • Lower reference nutrient intake
  • Intakes below this are insufficient for most people
  • Majority of people need more than these values
59
Q

What is the eat well plate?

A
  • This shows how much of what you eat should come from each food group.
  • This is the method used by the government to try and get the message out to everyone.
60
Q

What is the daily energy expenditure of a 70kg adult male?

A

12 000 KJ/day

61
Q

What is the daily energy expenditure of a 58kg adult female?

A

9500 KJ/day

62
Q

Why do daily energy expenditures vary between individuals?

A

Depends o age, sex, body composition and physical activity.

63
Q

What are the different components of daily energy expenditure?

A
  • Basal metabolic rate
  • Diet - induced thermogenesis
  • Physical activity level
64
Q

What is BMR?

A
  • Basal Membrane rate
  • This is the measure of the basal energy required to maintain life.
  • Maintains resting activities of the body.
65
Q

What are the major tissues contributing to the BMR?

A
  • Skeletal muscle - 30% BMR
  • Liver - 20% BMR
  • Brain - 20% BMR
  • Heart - 10 % BMR
  • Other - 20% BMR
66
Q

What factors affect BMR?

A
  • Body size (surface area)
  • Gender (males higher than females)
  • Outside temperature (higher in cold)
  • Endocrine status
  • Body temperature (12% per degree)
67
Q

What does voluntary physical activity reflect the energy demands of?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Heart muscle
  • Respiratory muscles
68
Q

How much extra energy does a sedentary person, moderately active and very active person use?

A

Sedentary person - 30 KJ/Kg/day
Moderate activity - 65 KJ/Kg/day
Very active - 100 KJ/Kg/day

69
Q

What are the energy stores of the body?

A

Adipose tissue and glycogen

70
Q

What are the long term energy stores in the body?

A

Adipose tissue

71
Q

What happens to body weight if energy intake is equal to energy expenditure?

A

Body weight is stable

72
Q

What happens to body weight if energy intake exceeds expenditure?

A

Energy stores (fat) will increase

73
Q

What happens to body weight if energy expenditure exceeds intake?

A

Energy stores deplete

74
Q

Define obesity

A
  • Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue which impairs health
  • BMI >30
75
Q

What causes obesity?

A

Result of energy intake exceeding expenditure over a period of years

76
Q

What other health conditions can obesity lead to?

A
  • Cancers
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Type 2 diabetes
77
Q

How do you work out BMI?

A

Weight / height ^2

78
Q

What units is BMI measured in?

A

Kg/m2

79
Q

What is BMI used for?

A

Used clinically to evaluate patients

80
Q

Why might BMI not be useful for everyone?

A

Very muscular individuals might be wrongly classified as obese

81
Q

Why alternative can be used to BMI?

A

Waist/hip ratio

82
Q

What BMI is underweight?

A

<18.5

83
Q

What is the BMI range of the desirable weight?

A

18.5 - 24.9

84
Q

What is the BMI range of overweight?

A

25 - 29.9

85
Q

What is the BMI range of obese?

A

30 - 34.9

86
Q

What BMI is severely obese?

A

> 35

87
Q

What is a greater proportion of fat in upper body associated with?

A

Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinism, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, stroke and premature death.

88
Q

Define malnutrition

A

Any condition caused by an in-balance between what an individual eats and what that individual requires to maintain health.

89
Q

What causes malnutrition?

A

Eating too much, eating too little or incorrect balance of nutrients

90
Q

What causes malabsorption conditions? (e.g. coeliac disease)

A

Failure to digest and/or absorb ingested nutrients.

91
Q

What is protein-energy nutrition?

A

This covers a spectrum of clinical conditions seen in starving adults and children.

92
Q

What is marasmus?

A

Type or protein-energy malnutrition most commonly seen in children under the age of 5. Obvious signs of muscle wasting and loss of body fat although there is no oedema.

93
Q

What is kwashiorkor?

A

Severe form of malnutrition caused by low protein intake. Oedema is characteristic of this. (albumin is always low)

94
Q

What causes oedema in kwashiorkor?

A
  • Insufficient amino acids for the liver to make normal level of blood proteins such as albumin.
  • Decreases plasma oncotic pressure
  • Increases the net flow of fluid from the capillaries to the interstitium by Starling’s law
  • This leads to oedema
95
Q

What is the normal fasting plasma concentration of glucose?

A

3.3 - 6.0 mmol/L

MEH A (19 decks)

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