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ESA3: Head, Neck And Neuroanatomy > Session 7: Functional Anatomy And Disorders Of The Ear > Flashcards

Session 7: Functional Anatomy And Disorders Of The Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Why might otalgia be referred pain?

A

The ear has a diverse sensory innervation so may share similar innervation to other local structures

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2
Q

Which bone of the skull is the ear found on?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone

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3
Q

What does the external ear consist of?

A

Pinna, external auditory meatus, lateral surface of the tympanic membrane

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4
Q

What does the external ear do?

A

Collects, transmits and focuses sound waves onto the tympanic membrane

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5
Q

What is the pinna made of?

A

Cartilage, skin and fatty tissue

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6
Q

What causes Ramsey Hunt syndrome?

A

Shingles of the facial nerve (reactivation within the geniculate ganglion)

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7
Q

What is a pinna haematoma?

A

Accumulation of blood between cartilage and perichondrium of the pinna

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8
Q

What is the treatment of a pinna haematoma?

A

Prompt drainage and re-apposition of the two layers

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9
Q

What is the cauliflower deformity of the ear?

A

An untreated pinna haematoma leading to fibrosis and asymmetrical cartilage development of the pinna

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10
Q

What is the shape of the external acoustic meatus?

A

Sigmoidal

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11
Q

Why does the ear canal have hairs and wax?

A

Prevents entry of objects and also aids desquamation

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12
Q

How long is the external acoustic meatus?

A

2.5cm

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13
Q

How is a perforated tympanic membrane treated?

A

It will resolve itself over time

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14
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

An air filled cavity with the 3 ossicles

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15
Q

What do the ossicles do?

A

Amplify vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the cochlea

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16
Q

What are the 3 ossicles?

A

Malleus, incus and stapes

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17
Q

How does stapedius affect hearing?

A

Contracts if there is a potentially excessive vibration from a loud noise

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18
Q

What nerve supplies stapedius?

A

Nerve to stapedius (branch of CN VII)

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19
Q

What is hyperacusis?

A

Damage to nerve to stapedius causing loss of the protective acoustic reflex

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20
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

Fusion of ossicles at the articulating points

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21
Q

Where is the most common site for otosclerosis?

A

Between the base plates of stapes and the oval window

22
Q

How does otosclerosis cause hearing loss?

A

The sound vibrations cannot be transmitted to the fluid

23
Q

Why is there negative pressure within the middle ear?

A

It’s mucous membrane is continuously reabsorbing air

24
Q

What structure allows for equilibration of pressure of the middle ear with atmospheric pressure?

A

Pharyngotympanic (or eustachian) tube

25
Q

What roles other than pressure equilibrium does the pharyngotympanic tube have?

A

Ventilation and drainage of mucus from the middle ear

26
Q

What is glue ear?

A

Build up of fluid and negative pressure in the middle ear

27
Q

What causes glue ear?

A

Dysfunction of the Eustachian tube

28
Q

How do you treat glue ear?

A

If doesn’t resolve spontaneously in 2-3months then use a grommet yo ventilate the middle ear

29
Q

Why are infants more likely to suffer from acute otitis media?

A

Have a shorter and more horizontal Eustachian tube (easier to block + pass infection from nasopharynx to ear)

30
Q

What are mastoid air cells?

A

Air filled cavities allowing for communication between the middle ear cavity and the mastoid antrum

31
Q

What nerve is closely associated with the middle ear?

A

The facial nerve and its branch, the chorda tympani

32
Q

What is a cholesteatoma?

A

An abnormal skin growth growing into the middle ear, behind the tympanic membrane

33
Q

What is a long term problem of cholesteatoma?

A

Erosion of structures (eg. Ossicles, mastoid, cochlea) as it grows and expands

34
Q

What are the common symptoms of cholesteatoma?

A

Painless but can get smelly otorrhea

35
Q

What causes cholesteatoma?

A

Secondary to Eustachian tube dysfunction or chronic/recurring ear infections

36
Q

What is in the inner ear?

A

Vestibular apparatus and the cochlea

37
Q

What is the vestibular apparatus responsible for?

A

Maintaining our sense of position and balance

38
Q

What does the cochlea do?

A

Converts vibrations into an action potential to be perceived as sound

39
Q

How is a action potential generated in the cochlea?

A

Sterocilia are moved by movements of fluid within the cochlea (set up by movements at the oval window)

40
Q

What is the location of the sterocilia of the cochlea called?

A

The spiral organ of corti

41
Q

What is the vestibular apparatus made up of?

A

Semicircular ducts, the saccule and urtricle

42
Q

What causes vertigo?

A

Inappropriate movement of fluid in the vestibular apparatus causing movement of the hair cells

43
Q

How do the semicircular canals help perceive balance and position?

A

They are arranged in three planes so can give the orientation of the head

44
Q

Where is the tuning fork held in Rinne’s test?

A

In front of the ear and then held against the mastoid bone

45
Q

Where is the tuning fork held in Weber’s test?

A

In the midline on the top of the head

46
Q

What results will be found in sensorineural hearing loss for Rinne’s test?

A

Air will give better conduction than bone

47
Q

What results are found for conductive hearing loss in Rinne’s test?

A

Bone will conduct sound better than air

48
Q

What result is found for conductive hearing loss in Weber’s test?

A

You can hear louder in the affected ear

49
Q

What result is found in Weber’s test for sensorineural hearing loss?

A

You can hear the sound better in the unaffected ear

50
Q

What regions of the ears are affected in conductive hearing loss?

A

External or middle ear

51
Q

What regions of the ear are affected in sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Inner ear structures or CN VIII

ESA3: Head, Neck And Neuroanatomy (7 decks)

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