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PP A > Session 5 Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Session 5 Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the overview principles of haemostasis?

A
  • Prevent bleeding

- Prevent unnecessary coagulation, allow blood to flow

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2
Q

What bare the basic steps to preventing bleeding?

A
  • Make a clot
  • Control clotting
  • Break it down
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3
Q

What are the essentials for haemostasis?

A
  • Keep blood moving
  • Blood vessels
  • Platelets
  • Coagulation factors
  • Anticoagulant factors
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4
Q

What produces platelets and where?

A

Magakaryocytes produce platelets in the bone marrow

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5
Q

What is the normal life span of platelets?

A

7-10 days

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6
Q

What are the different steps that platelets have to go through in order to form the platelet plug?

A

Adhesion
Activation
Aggregation

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7
Q

What happens in platelet adhesion?

A
  • Damage to vessel wall
  • Exposure of underlying tissues
  • Platelets adhere to collagen via vWF/receptor
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8
Q

What happens during platelet activation?

A
  • Secrete ADP, thromboxane and other substances to become activated and activate other platelets
  • Involved in clotting cascade
  • Provide some coagulation factors
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9
Q

What happens in platelet aggregation?

A

Cross linking of platelets to form a platelet plug

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10
Q

What is the clotting cascade?

A

Amplification system activation of precursor proteins to generate thrombin (IIa)

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11
Q

What is the function of thrombin in the clotting cascade?

A

Converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin which stabilises the platelet plug.

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12
Q

How is the clotting cascade controlled?

A
  • Natural anticoagulants to inhibit activation

- Clot destroying proteins which are activated by the clotting cascade

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13
Q

Where are the coagulation factors and natural anticoagulants made?

A

Liver

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14
Q

Give some examples of coagulation factors

A

Fibrinogen, prothrombin, factor 5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 and tissue factor

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15
Q

Give examples of natural anticoagulants?

A

Protein C, protein S and antithrombin

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16
Q

What is PT (prothrombin) time a measure of?

A

Extrinsic pathway

17
Q

What is APTT a measure of?

A

Intrinsic pathway

18
Q

What would a lab result be if factor 8 is not working properly?

A

APTT is prolonged

19
Q

What would a lab result be if factor 7 is not working properly?

A

PT is prolonged

20
Q

What would a lab result be if factor 5 is not working properly?

A

APTT and or PT are prolonged

21
Q

What is the thrombin burst?

A

Small amount of thrombin causes a large amount of thrombin to be released

22
Q

What is the von Willebrand factor?

A

Involved in platelet adhesion to the vessel wall, platelet aggregation and also carries factor 8.

23
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

The process breaking down a clot

24
Q

What is needed for fibrinolysis to occur?

A

Plasmin

25
Q

What does plasmin do?

A

Plasmin breaks fibrin into fibrin degradation products

26
Q

What would happen if someone is deficient in natural anticoagulants?

A

Clot excessively

27
Q

What is the function of natural anticoagulants?

A

Stop further coagulation.

28
Q

What are bleeding disorders due to?

A

Due to abnormality in the vessel wall, platelets or coagulation factors

29
Q

How do you get a bleeding disorder?

A

Inherited or acquired

30
Q

Give an example of a congenital coagulation factor disorder

A 
Haemophilia A (factor 8)
Haemophilia B (factor 9)
31
Q

Give examples of acquired coagulation factor disorders

A

Liver disease, vitamin K deficiency and warfarin

32
Q

What are the two different types of platelet disorders?

A

Qualitative - abnormal platelet activity

Quantitative - reduced platelet count

33
Q

Why might someone have reduced platelet count?

A
  • Reduced production

- Increased removal

34
Q

Hey might someone have increased removal of platelets?

A
  • Non-immune destruction
  • Immune destruction
  • Splenic pooling
35
Q

How can you determine the cause of reduced platelet count?

A

Bone marrow biopsy

36
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Reduced platelet count

37
Q

Why might someone have reduced platelet production?

A
  • B12 folate deficiency
  • Cancer or fibrosis
  • Drugs - e.g. chemotherapy
  • Viruses - e.g. HIV
38
Q

What is petichae?

A

Small bleeds into the skin

39
Q

What is purpura?

A

A rash of purple spots on the skin caused by internal bleeding from small blood vessels

PP A (13 decks)

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