Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PP A > Session 1 Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Session 1 Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is disease?

A

A pathological condition of a body part, an organ, or a system characterised by an identifiable group of signs or symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is disease a consequence of?

A

Failed homeostasis with consequent morphological and function disturbances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is pathology?

A

The study of suffering.

It is the branch of medicine concerned with disease and understanding the process of disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the importance of the microscopic diagnosis?

A

Provides a definitive diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In the breast, what can mimic cancer?

A

Fat necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the main difference between histology and cytology?

A
  • Histology - look at cells in their architecture

- Cytology - look at individual cell not in their architecture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give examples of when histology is used?

A

Core biopsies, cancer resection specimens, excised skin lesions, endoscopic biopsies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give examples of when cytology is used

A

Fine needle aspirates of the breast, thyroid, salivary glands, lungs, effusions, cervical smears, sputum, urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does grading of cancer mean?

A

This tells us how nasty the cancer is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does staging of cancer tell us?

A

How far spread the cancer is in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is adenocarcinoma?

A

Cancer of the glandular tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does the histopathologist arrive at a diagnosis?

A
  • Pattern recognition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When looking down a microscope, what questions does a histopathologist ask himself?

A
  1. Is it normal or not?
  2. Is it inflammatory or neoplastic?
  3. Is it benign or malignant?
  4. Is this a primary tumour or a metastasis?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When is it cancer, what can a histopathologist tell us?

A
  • Type of cancer
  • Grade of cancer
  • Stage of cancer
  • Completeness of excision and if margins are involved, which ones
  • Likely efficacy of further treatments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do you use to work out the stage of cancer?

A

TNM model is mostly used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the TNM model?

A

The size of the Tumour, whether Nodes are involved and whether the cancer has Metastasised.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Moh’s surgery?

A
  • Used to treat skin cancer

- Thin layer of cancer containing skin are progressively removed and examined until only cancer free tissues remain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the goal of Moh’s surgery?

A

Remove as much skin as possible while doing minimal damage to the surrounding healthy tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can affect the efficacy of cancer treatment?

A

Er and Her2 receptors

20
Q

What are ER?

A

Oestrogen receptor

Group of proteins that are found inside and on cells.

21
Q

What are Her2 receptors?

A

Human epidermal growth factor

Protein that can affect the growth of some cancer cells

22
Q

What is first step to looking at a tissue under a microscope?

A
  • Need to prevent autolysis

- This is done by using fixatives.

23
Q

Fixation

A
  • This process holds the tissue in suspended animation.

- Usually uses formalin.

24
Q

What is the appearance of fresh tissue compared to fixed tissue?

A

Fresh tissue looks like raw meat and fixed tissue looks like cooked meat.

25
Q

After fixation, what is the next process?

A

The specimen is examined and cut up by a pathologist.t The samples are taken and placed into a cassette.

26
Q

Why do we have to make the tissue hard?

A

In order to take very thin slices

27
Q

How do we get the tissue hard enough?

A
  • Tissue is surrounded and impregnated with a hardening agent.
  • This is usually paraffin wax.
28
Q

How do we embed something with paraffin wax?

A
  • Dehydrate sample using alcohol.
  • Replace the alcohol with xylene.
  • Replace the xylene with paraffin wax.
29
Q

What is used to cut the samples very thinly?

A

Microtome cuts the samples to 3-4 microns

30
Q

What procedure is done after the samples are cut thinly?

A

Thin wax sections are floated on a water bath and picked up on a microscope slide. This process gets rid of all the creases in the tissue.

31
Q

What is used to colour the tissue?

A

H&E
Haemotoxylin stains the nuclei purple
Eosin stains the cytoplasm and connective tissue pink.

32
Q

What is the final stage of preparing a slide?

A
  • Preserving and protecting the slice of tissue
  • This is done by adding a mounting medium to the slide and adding the coverslip.
  • The mounting medium then dries and hardens.
33
Q

What is immunohistochemistry?

A

Demonstrates substances in/on cells by labelling them with specific antibodies.

34
Q

How does immunohistochemistry work?

A

Usually the antibody is joined to an enzyme (e.g. peroxidase) that catalyses a colour-producing reaction.

35
Q

Give some examples of substances that can be seen in immunohistochemistry

A
  • Contractile protein actin - identifies smooth muscle cells
  • Cadherins - deficient in some carcinomas
36
Q

What are cytokeratins?

A

Family of intracellular fibrous proteins that are present in almost all epithelia.

37
Q

What are cytokeratins markers for?

A

Markers for epithelial differentiation.

38
Q

What can cytokeratins give information about?

A

Give information about the primary site of a carcinoma. Particularly when used in combination CK7+/CK20- and CK7-/CK20+

39
Q

What indicates the presence of carcinoma in lung, breast, endometrium, ovary and thyroid?

A

CK7+/CK20-

40
Q

When CK7-/CK20+ are present, where is the primary site of carcinoma?

A

Large bowel, some gastric carcinomas.

41
Q

What type of test can show how DNA is altered in tissues?

A

In situ microscopy tests. Common example is FISH - this can test for gains in additional copies of the Her2 gene in breast cancer.

42
Q

What can sequencing of DNA purified from tumour tissue show?

A

It can show us if a certain mutation is present in a particular gene. e.g. if certain mutations are present in EGFR gene, tumour will respond to anti-EGFR treatments.

43
Q

What does mRNA expression profiling methods demonstrate?

A

The level of activity of a large number of genes simultaneously.

44
Q

What about frozen sections?

A
  • Urgent histopathology
  • Not routinely used
  • Commonly used intra-operatively
45
Q

What is the disadvantage of using frozen sections?

A

Morphology is not as good as in paraffin sections. Accuracy is about 96%.

PP A (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions