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Phase 1 - S2 Cardiovasular System > Session 5 - Haemodynamics > Flashcards

Session 5 - Haemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What is plasma?

A

Fluid collected from unclotted blood

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2
Q

Give an example of an anticoagulant

A

Heparin

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3
Q

What is serum

A

Fluid collected from clotted blood. It is plasma without the clotting factors

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4
Q

What is peripheral resistance

A

The resistance to blood flow in the arteries

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5
Q

What increases peripheral resistance

A

Contraction of the arteries

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6
Q

What does an increased blood viscosity result in

A

Sludging of blood in the peripheries

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7
Q

Why does an increased blood viscosity result in sludging of blood?

A

There is increased resistance to flow so the heart cant pump the blood as powerfully

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of an increase in blood viscosity

A

Multiple myeloma

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9
Q

What is multiple myeloma

A

Cancer of the plasma cells resulting in an increase in the number of plasma cells and so blood viscosity

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10
Q

What is an increase in red blood cells known as

A

Polycythaemia

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11
Q

What is an increase in platelets known as

A

Thrombocythaemia

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12
Q

What is an increase in white cells known as

A

Leukaemia

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13
Q

What can minor changes in plasma viscosity be used to measure

A

Inflammation response

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14
Q

Minor changes in plasma viscosity are a result of an increase of what

A

Acute phase plasma proteins

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15
Q

Give 3 examples of acute phase plasma proteins

A

Complement factors, fibrinogen and c-reactive proteins

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16
Q

What is a turbulent blood flow

A

Where blood flows in all directions

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17
Q

Give 5 causes of turbulent blood flow

A
  1. Rate of blood flow is too great
  2. Blood passes an obstruction
  3. Blood makes a sharp turn
  4. When blood passes over a rough surface
  5. Increased resistance to flow
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18
Q

What is a sternosis

A

Obstruction

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19
Q

What is an occlusion

A

Blockage

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20
Q

True or false; blood normally has a turbulent flow

A

False - blood normally has a laminar flow

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21
Q

What is a laminar flow

A

Where blood flows in streamlines and in the same direction

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22
Q

Where is the greatest velocity of blood in laminar flow

A

In the centre as resistance increases at the edges due to contact between blood and the vessel wall giving a parabolic profile

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23
Q

What is haemodynamics

A

The effect pressure has on the flow of blood through vessels

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24
Q

What are the units for flow

A

Volume per units of time

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25
Q

What is pressure measured in

A

Pounds per square (psi)

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26
Q

What occurs during the systolic uptake

A

Pressure in the aorta increases as the left ventricles contract

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27
Q

What is the peak systolic pressure

A

The highest pressure during systolic uptake

28
Q

What happens during systolic decline

A

The ventricles empty and so the pressure decreases

29
Q

What is the diacrotic notch

A

The end point of systole, where the aortic valves close giving a small increase in pressure as no more blood can leave the ventricles

30
Q

What is the anacrotic limb

A

Where the slope increases (increase in pressure)

31
Q

What is the diacrotic limb?

A

Where there is a decrease in pressure (slope falls)

32
Q

What is the pulse pressure

A

Peak systolic pressure - end diastolic pressure

33
Q

What is the average pulse pressure

A

40mmHg

34
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

35
Q

What is the average mean arterial pressure

A

93mmHg

36
Q

What happens if mean arterial pressure falls below 70mmHg

A

Organ perfusion is impaired

37
Q

Why is there an increase in velocity during diastole

A

Retrograde flow occurs as blood ‘bounces’ back

38
Q

When is retrograde flow greatest

A

When peripheral resistance is high

39
Q

What must be present for a pulse to be felt

A

A difference in pressure

40
Q

What is a shock wave

A

A sharp change in pressure

41
Q

What is it called when a pulse in weak

A

Thready

42
Q

What is it called when your pulse is strong

A

Bounding

43
Q

What causes a thready pulse

A

Left ventricular failure, aortic valve stenosis, dehydration and bleeding

44
Q

What does the strength of a pulse depend on

A

Pulse pressure and the force in which blood is ejected from the heart

45
Q

Why does bradycardia cause a bounding pulse

A

Widens pulse pressure as the diastole lasts longer leading to a lower diastolic pressure

46
Q

Why does low peripheral resistance lower diastolic pressure

A

Increased blood flow so more blood leaves the ventricles

47
Q

Does low peripheral resistance result in a thready or bounding pulse

A

Bounding

48
Q

What is normal blood pressure

A

120/80 mmHg

49
Q

What is the result of using a cuff which is too small when taking a blood pressure reading

A

It gives a falsely high reading

50
Q

What is the effect of arterial pressure in the feet when standing

A

It increases

51
Q

What is the effect of arterial pressure in the hand it you hold your arm up

A

It decreases

52
Q

When taking a blood pressure what happens if the pressure applied is greater than the systolic pressure

A

Blood flow will be stopped

53
Q

What happen if when taking a blood pressure the pressure applied is below diastolic pressure

A

There is normal blood flow

54
Q

What are korokoff sounds

A

Noises heard due to turbulent blood flow when taking blood pressure

55
Q

When taking blood pressure what is phase 5 sounds

A

When the sounds disappear

56
Q

What happens to blood flow if the blood vessel is narrowed

A

Decreases

57
Q

What effect does narrowing the blood vessel have on velocity and pressure

A

Increases

58
Q

What happens if there are multiple obstructions in a blood vessel

A

Blood flow reduces and may be stopped

59
Q

What is an aneurism

A

Enlargement of the artery

60
Q

Why cant you feel a pulse as well in an older person

A

Arteries can calcify, thickening the artery so you can feel a pulse in this area

61
Q

Why are vibrations felt after a stenosis

A

The blood has a turbulent flow

62
Q

What is the name given to the noise heard after a stenosis

A

Bruit

63
Q

What is the name of of the vibrations felt after a stenosis

A

Thrill

64
Q

What is the name of the noise heard across the heart valve

A

Murmur

65
Q

Why does the artery increase in size behind a stenosis

A

There is a build up in pressure

Phase 1 - S2 Cardiovasular System (16 decks)

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