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Phase 1 - S2 Cardiovasular System > Session 5 - Haemodynamics > Flashcards

Session 5 - Haemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What is plasma?

A

Fluid collected from unclotted blood

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2
Q

Give an example of an anticoagulant

A

Heparin

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3
Q

What is serum

A

Fluid collected from clotted blood. It is plasma without the clotting factors

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4
Q

What is peripheral resistance

A

The resistance to blood flow in the arteries

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5
Q

What increases peripheral resistance

A

Contraction of the arteries

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6
Q

What does an increased blood viscosity result in

A

Sludging of blood in the peripheries

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7
Q

Why does an increased blood viscosity result in sludging of blood?

A

There is increased resistance to flow so the heart cant pump the blood as powerfully

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of an increase in blood viscosity

A

Multiple myeloma

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9
Q

What is multiple myeloma

A

Cancer of the plasma cells resulting in an increase in the number of plasma cells and so blood viscosity

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10
Q

What is an increase in red blood cells known as

A

Polycythaemia

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11
Q

What is an increase in platelets known as

A

Thrombocythaemia

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12
Q

What is an increase in white cells known as

A

Leukaemia

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13
Q

What can minor changes in plasma viscosity be used to measure

A

Inflammation response

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14
Q

Minor changes in plasma viscosity are a result of an increase of what

A

Acute phase plasma proteins

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15
Q

Give 3 examples of acute phase plasma proteins

A

Complement factors, fibrinogen and c-reactive proteins

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16
Q

What is a turbulent blood flow

A

Where blood flows in all directions

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17
Q

Give 5 causes of turbulent blood flow

A
  1. Rate of blood flow is too great
  2. Blood passes an obstruction
  3. Blood makes a sharp turn
  4. When blood passes over a rough surface
  5. Increased resistance to flow
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18
Q

What is a sternosis

A

Obstruction

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19
Q

What is an occlusion

A

Blockage

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20
Q

True or false; blood normally has a turbulent flow

A

False - blood normally has a laminar flow

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21
Q

What is a laminar flow

A

Where blood flows in streamlines and in the same direction

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22
Q

Where is the greatest velocity of blood in laminar flow

A

In the centre as resistance increases at the edges due to contact between blood and the vessel wall giving a parabolic profile

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23
Q

What is haemodynamics

A

The effect pressure has on the flow of blood through vessels

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24
Q

What are the units for flow

A

Volume per units of time

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25
What is pressure measured in
Pounds per square (psi)
26
What occurs during the systolic uptake
Pressure in the aorta increases as the left ventricles contract
27
What is the peak systolic pressure
The highest pressure during systolic uptake
28
What happens during systolic decline
The ventricles empty and so the pressure decreases
29
What is the diacrotic notch
The end point of systole, where the aortic valves close giving a small increase in pressure as no more blood can leave the ventricles
30
What is the anacrotic limb
Where the slope increases (increase in pressure)
31
What is the diacrotic limb?
Where there is a decrease in pressure (slope falls)
32
What is the pulse pressure
Peak systolic pressure - end diastolic pressure
33
What is the average pulse pressure
40mmHg
34
What is the mean arterial pressure
Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
35
What is the average mean arterial pressure
93mmHg
36
What happens if mean arterial pressure falls below 70mmHg
Organ perfusion is impaired
37
Why is there an increase in velocity during diastole
Retrograde flow occurs as blood 'bounces' back
38
When is retrograde flow greatest
When peripheral resistance is high
39
What must be present for a pulse to be felt
A difference in pressure
40
What is a shock wave
A sharp change in pressure
41
What is it called when a pulse in weak
Thready
42
What is it called when your pulse is strong
Bounding
43
What causes a thready pulse
Left ventricular failure, aortic valve stenosis, dehydration and bleeding
44
What does the strength of a pulse depend on
Pulse pressure and the force in which blood is ejected from the heart
45
Why does bradycardia cause a bounding pulse
Widens pulse pressure as the diastole lasts longer leading to a lower diastolic pressure
46
Why does low peripheral resistance lower diastolic pressure
Increased blood flow so more blood leaves the ventricles
47
Does low peripheral resistance result in a thready or bounding pulse
Bounding
48
What is normal blood pressure
120/80 mmHg
49
What is the result of using a cuff which is too small when taking a blood pressure reading
It gives a falsely high reading
50
What is the effect of arterial pressure in the feet when standing
It increases
51
What is the effect of arterial pressure in the hand it you hold your arm up
It decreases
52
When taking a blood pressure what happens if the pressure applied is greater than the systolic pressure
Blood flow will be stopped
53
What happen if when taking a blood pressure the pressure applied is below diastolic pressure
There is normal blood flow
54
What are korokoff sounds
Noises heard due to turbulent blood flow when taking blood pressure
55
When taking blood pressure what is phase 5 sounds
When the sounds disappear
56
What happens to blood flow if the blood vessel is narrowed
Decreases
57
What effect does narrowing the blood vessel have on velocity and pressure
Increases
58
What happens if there are multiple obstructions in a blood vessel
Blood flow reduces and may be stopped
59
What is an aneurism
Enlargement of the artery
60
Why cant you feel a pulse as well in an older person
Arteries can calcify, thickening the artery so you can feel a pulse in this area
61
Why are vibrations felt after a stenosis
The blood has a turbulent flow
62
What is the name given to the noise heard after a stenosis
Bruit
63
What is the name of of the vibrations felt after a stenosis
Thrill
64
What is the name of the noise heard across the heart valve
Murmur
65
Why does the artery increase in size behind a stenosis
There is a build up in pressure

Phase 1 - S2 Cardiovasular System (16 decks)

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