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Phase 1 - S2 Cardiovasular System > Session 1 - Introduction > Flashcards

Session 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the anterior surface of the heart

A

Right ventricle

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1
Q

What forms the posterior (base) surface of the heart

A

Left atrium

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2
Q

What forms the inferior surface of the heart

A

Left and right ventricles

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2
Q

What forms the right pulmonary surface of the heart

A

Right atrium

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3
Q

What forms the left pulmonary surface of the heart

A

Left ventricle

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3
Q

What are the three neurovascular structures found surrounding the heart

A
  • left and right vagus nerve
  • right subclavian artery
  • phrenic nerve
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4
Q

From right to left, name the three branches of the aortic arch

A
  1. Brachiocephalic
  2. Common Carotid
  3. Subclavian
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5
Q

What is the rate of diffusion proportional to

A

Square distance

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6
Q

What is an infarction

A

Death of cells due to lack of oxygen

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7
Q

Where does the apex of the heart lie

A

To the left in the 5th intercostal space

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8
Q

Why cant cardiac cells use oxygen provided by the blood entering the left ventricle

A

The diffusion distance is too big

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9
Q

What 3 factors affect the rate of diffusion

A
  1. Area available for exchange
  2. Diffusion resistance
  3. Concentration gradient
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10
Q

What causes a myocardial infarction

A

Loss of blood supply to the heart resulting in cell death

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11
Q

What is capillary density

A

The amount of capillaries in the tissues

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12
Q

True or False: More metabolically active tissues have a higher capillary density

A

True: allowing for a larger surface area for exchange

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13
Q

How does the concentration gradient of oxygen lower in blood vessels

A

Rate of use by the tissue - the faster the use, the lower the gradient

Rate of blood flow - the slower the blood flow, the lower the gradient

14
Q

If there is a lower blood flow what effect will this have on the capillary concentration

A

It will be lower

15
Q

What is the perfusion rate

A

The rate of blood flow

16
Q

Why do the kidneys need a high blood flow

A

They are very metabolically active

18
Q

What is the cardiac output

A

5 litres per min

19
Q

What can the cardiac output during exercise increase to

A

25 litres per min

20
Q

What are the 4 layers of the pericardium

A
  • fibrous outer layer
  • parietal layer
  • pericardial cavity (filled with serous fluid)
  • visceral layer (epicardium)
22
Q

Why does excess fluid in the pericardial cavity compress the heart

A

The fibrous layer is inextensible so can’t stretch

22
Q

Outline the function of the pericardium

A
  • holds the heart in place by attaching to surrounding muscles and bones
  • stiff fibrous layer prevents the heart from over filling
  • fluid in the cavity reduces friction from when the heart moves
  • acts as a physical barrier to protect against infection from nearby structures
23
Q

What does compression of the heart lead to

A

Cardiac tamponade

24
Q

What is the procedure which removed fluid from the pericardial cavity called

A

Pericardiocentesis

26
Q

What is the consequence of cardiac tamponade

A

The heart cannot fully enter diastole and fill properly.

27
Q

When is the transverse pericardial sinus used in surgery

A

Used to help clamp the aorta when using a heart lung bypass

28
Q

Which 2 vessels will your finger lie behind in the transverse pericardial sinus

A

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

29
Q

What is the main left coronary artery called?

A

Anterior interventricular branch

31
Q

Which branch of the right coronary artery goes to the base of the heart

A

Right marginal artery

32
Q

Which branch of the left coronary artery goes to the back of the heart

A

Circumflex branch

33
Q

How many pulmonary veins go into the left atrium

A

4

34
Q

What is the coronary sinus

A

Main vein that drains blood from the heart into the right atrium

35
Q

What is an anastomose

A

Connection between blood vessels

36
Q

True or False: Cardiac blood vessels have multiple anastomoses

A

False.

They barely anastomose, which is infractions can occur with the slightest blockage

Phase 1 - S2 Cardiovasular System (16 decks)

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