Session 1 - Introduction Flashcards
What forms the anterior surface of the heart
Right ventricle
What forms the posterior (base) surface of the heart
Left atrium
What forms the inferior surface of the heart
Left and right ventricles
What forms the right pulmonary surface of the heart
Right atrium
What forms the left pulmonary surface of the heart
Left ventricle
What are the three neurovascular structures found surrounding the heart
- left and right vagus nerve
- right subclavian artery
- phrenic nerve
From right to left, name the three branches of the aortic arch
- Brachiocephalic
- Common Carotid
- Subclavian
What is the rate of diffusion proportional to
Square distance
What is an infarction
Death of cells due to lack of oxygen
Where does the apex of the heart lie
To the left in the 5th intercostal space
Why cant cardiac cells use oxygen provided by the blood entering the left ventricle
The diffusion distance is too big
What 3 factors affect the rate of diffusion
- Area available for exchange
- Diffusion resistance
- Concentration gradient
What causes a myocardial infarction
Loss of blood supply to the heart resulting in cell death
What is capillary density
The amount of capillaries in the tissues
True or False: More metabolically active tissues have a higher capillary density
True: allowing for a larger surface area for exchange
How does the concentration gradient of oxygen lower in blood vessels
Rate of use by the tissue - the faster the use, the lower the gradient
Rate of blood flow - the slower the blood flow, the lower the gradient
If there is a lower blood flow what effect will this have on the capillary concentration
It will be lower
What is the perfusion rate
The rate of blood flow
Why do the kidneys need a high blood flow
They are very metabolically active
What is the cardiac output
5 litres per min
What can the cardiac output during exercise increase to
25 litres per min
What are the 4 layers of the pericardium
- fibrous outer layer
- parietal layer
- pericardial cavity (filled with serous fluid)
- visceral layer (epicardium)
Why does excess fluid in the pericardial cavity compress the heart
The fibrous layer is inextensible so can’t stretch
Outline the function of the pericardium
- holds the heart in place by attaching to surrounding muscles and bones
- stiff fibrous layer prevents the heart from over filling
- fluid in the cavity reduces friction from when the heart moves
- acts as a physical barrier to protect against infection from nearby structures
What does compression of the heart lead to
Cardiac tamponade
What is the procedure which removed fluid from the pericardial cavity called
Pericardiocentesis
What is the consequence of cardiac tamponade
The heart cannot fully enter diastole and fill properly.
When is the transverse pericardial sinus used in surgery
Used to help clamp the aorta when using a heart lung bypass
Which 2 vessels will your finger lie behind in the transverse pericardial sinus
Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
What is the main left coronary artery called?
Anterior interventricular branch
Which branch of the right coronary artery goes to the base of the heart
Right marginal artery
Which branch of the left coronary artery goes to the back of the heart
Circumflex branch
How many pulmonary veins go into the left atrium
4
What is the coronary sinus
Main vein that drains blood from the heart into the right atrium
What is an anastomose
Connection between blood vessels
True or False: Cardiac blood vessels have multiple anastomoses
False.
They barely anastomose, which is infractions can occur with the slightest blockage
