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Phase 1 - S2 Cardiovasular System > Session 2 - The Cardiac Cycle > Flashcards

Session 2 - The Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what are resistance vessels?

A

vessels which can restrict blood flow to redirect blood

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2
Q

what are capacitance vessels

A

vessels which can hold a larger volume of blood without increasing in pressure

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3
Q

what are the 2 circulations?

A

pulmonary and systemic

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4
Q

what occurs during systole

A

contraction and ejection of blood from ventricles

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5
Q

what happens during diastole

A

relaxation and filling of ventricles

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6
Q

true or false; the action potentials in cardiac cells are relatively short

A

false

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7
Q

which is the only valve with 2 leaflets?

A

mitral valve

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8
Q

what are the mitral and tricuspid valve attached to

A

papillary muscles via the chordae tendineae

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9
Q

what do the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae do?

A

prevent inversion of the valves during systole due to the high pressure in the ventricles

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10
Q

what causes the opening and closing of valves

A

pressure difference on the 2 sides

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11
Q

which cells generate an action potential in the heart

A

specialised cardiac cells in the sinoatrial node

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12
Q

what is atrial systole

A

when the electrical activity spread over the atrial, causing them to contract

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13
Q

what happens when the electrical signal reaches the atrioventricular node

A

the signal is delayed to allow the atria to finish contracting and is spread down the septum and then through the ventricular myocardium causing the ventricles to contract

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14
Q

what are the purkinje fibres

A

fibres that send impulses to cells in the ventricles to cause them to contract

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15
Q

true or false; the excitation through the ventricles spreads through the endocardial to epicardial surface

A

true

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16
Q

what are the 7 stages in the cardiac cycle

A
  1. atrial
  2. isovolumetric contraction
  3. rapid ejection
  4. reduced ejection
  5. isovolumetric relaxtion
  6. rapid filling
  7. reduced filling
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17
Q

what happens to the length of diastole and systole when your heart rate increases

A

systole stays the same but diastole decreases

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18
Q

what side of the heart is a wiggers diagram plotted for? what would it look like if it was plotted for the other side?

A

Left. a diagram for the right would be similar but at lower pressures

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19
Q

what happens to atrial pressure in atrial contraction?

A

rises this gives the A wave

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20
Q

what wave is shown in an electrocardiogram during atrial contraction?

A

P wave which shows atrial depolarisation

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21
Q

what happens to the ventricle volume during atrial contraction

A

the final 10% of blood is added to the ventricles causing a small increase in volume. this gives the end diastolic volume

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22
Q

what is the main method of ventricle filling

A

passive filling during diastole

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23
Q

what is the end diastolic volume

A

when the ventricular volumes are at their maximum

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24
Q

what is the typical end diastolic volume value?

A

120 ml

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25
what gives the first heart sound
closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves in isovolumetric contraction
26
why is phase 2 of the cardiac cycle known as isovolumetric contraction
there is no change in ventricular volume as all the valves are closed
27
why happens to the atrial pressure during isovolumetric contraction
there is a small inversion of the mitral valve when they close which increases the pressure slightly
28
what is seen on an electrocardiogram during isovolumetric contraction
the QRS complex is seen signifying ventricular depolarisation
29
which valves are open during isovolumetric contraction
none
30
what happens to ventricular volume during rapid ejection
decreases rapidly as the blood flows into the aorta
31
which valves are open during rapid ejection
pulmonary and aortic valves
32
what happens to atrial pressure during rapid ejection
initially decreases as the atrial base is pulled down as te ventricles contract. this is the X descent
33
when does rapid ejection begin
when the ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure in the aorta causing the aortic valve to open. this is usually 80 mmHg
34
what wave is seen in an electrocardiogram during reduced ejection
T wave due to ventricular repolarisation
35
what happens to atrial pressure during reduced ejection
rises gradually due to venous return from the lungs. this is the V wave
36
what happens to ventricular pressure during reduced ejection n
falls as repolarisation leads to a decline in tension
37
which valves are open during reduced ejection
pulmonary and aortic valves
38
which valves are open during isovolumetric relaxation
none
39
which stage is the second heart sound in
isovolumetric relaxation
40
what causes the second heart sound
the closing of the pulmonary and aortic valves
41
what is the end systolic volume
the minimum volume of blood in the ventricles
42
what happens to ventricular pressure during isovolumetric relaxation
declines rapidly
43
what causes the dicrotic notch in aortic pressure
closure of the aortic valve
44
what causes the closure of the aortic valve
when the ventricular pressure falls below aortic pressure giving a brief backflow of blood which closes the valve
45
which valves are open in rapid filling
mitral and tricuspid valves
46
what happens to the atrial pressure in in rapid filling
falls as the mitral valve opens giving the Y descent
47
why does the mitral valve open during rapid filling
the pressure in the ventricles is below that of the atria
48
in whom might a 3rd heart sound be heard in rapid filling
children
49
what is diastasis
when the rate of filling of the ventricles slows down
50
what is it called when the valves don't open enough
stenosis
51
what is it called when the valves don't close all the way
regurgitation
52
what are 3 causes of aortic valve stenosis
1. degenerative (calcification or fibrosis) 2. congenital (bicuspid form) 3. chronic rheumatic fever
53
what type of heart sound in heart in aortic stenosis
crescendo - decrescendo
54
what happens to the red blood cells during aortic stenosis
they can become damaged (Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia)
55
what does aortic stenosis cause
left sided heart failure leading to syncope (fainting to lack of blood to CNS) and angina (lack of blood to cardiac cells). it also increase LV pressure leading to LV hypertrophy
56
what causes aortic regurgitation
aortic root dilation and valvular damage
57
what heart sound is heard during aortic valve regurgitation
descending murmur in diastole
58
true of false; aortic regurgitation decreases stroke volume
false. blood flows back into the ventricles so theres more blood in the next cycle
59
what happens to the diastolic and systolic pressures during aortic valve regurgitation
systolic pressure increases and diastolic pressure decreases
60
true of false; patients have a bounding pulse in aortic regurgitation
true as the pulse pressure increases
61
what does a bounding pulse result in
heading bobbing and Quinke's sign
62
what is Quinke's sign
when the colour of the nail bed changes with the heart beat
63
what heart sound is heard in mitral valve regurgitation
holosystolic murmur
64
what normally prevent the prolapse of the mitral valve
chordae tendineae and papillary muscles
65
what is myxomatous degeneration
the weakening of the mitral valve leading to prolapse
66
what are the causes of mitral vlave regurgitation
damage to papillary muscles following a heart attack as these cells might die, left sided heart failure leading to LV dilation stretching the valve and rheumatic fever disrupting seal due to fibrosis
67
true or false mitral valve regurgitation increases preload
true. As blood leaks back into the LA it means more blood will enter the LV in subsequent cycles
68
what is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis
rheumatic fever
69
where is there increased pressure during mitral valve stenosis?
left atrium
70
what are the results of mitral valve stenosis
1. atrial fibrillation due to stretching of muscle cells 2. oesophagus compression due to dilation of the LA 3. Pulmonary oedema (increased pressure in LA causes blood to back up into the lungs)
71
why is there RV hypertrophy in mitral valve stenosis
increased pressure in the LA causes blood to back up in the lungs so its harder for the RV to force blood out
72
what does atrial fibrillation during mitral valve stenosis cause
thrombus formation
73
what does oesophagus compression in mitral valve stenosis cause
dysphagia (difficultly in swallowing)
74
what is dyspnea
difficultly breathing

Phase 1 - S2 Cardiovasular System (16 decks)

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