Session 4

Question 1

microorganisms that live on the skin, in the nasopharynx, in the GI tract, and on other body surfaces is called?

Answer 1

normal flora

Question 2

What is the first line of defense against infection?

Answer 2

skin and mucous membranescovering body cavities

Question 3

What is the second line of defense against infection, and act as phagocytes, ingesting and thus destroying mirobes?

Answer 3

white blood cells also known as leukocytes

Question 4

A nonspecific response to tissue injury that can be caused by microbial invasion. It attempts to limit an injurys extent by blood vessels dilating, and plasma flowing out of the capillaries into irritated tissue. WBC’s migrate into the area to attack and ingest the invaders. what is this process called?

Answer 4

Inflammation

Question 5

What helps combat infection by interrupting viral replication and slowing the rate of bacterial growth, and also increases the mobility of leukocytes and enhances their ability to phagocytize?

Answer 5

fever

Question 6

What type of immunity has helper T cells that remain in the tissues to keep a memory or the antigen; that way is the same antigen appears again the helper T cells are rapidly activated.

Answer 6

Cellular Immunity

Question 7

What type of immunity takes place in the blood stream, and has memory B cells that remain in lymphoid tissue, where they can become reactivated if the pathogen appears again?

Answer 7

Humoral Immunity

Question 8

What type of immunity is produced when the immune system is stimulated, either naturally or artically, to produce antibodies?

Answer 8

active immunity

Question 9

What type of immunity does not involve the hosts immune response; rather, immunity is transferred to the recipient. Ex: breast milk giving immunity to baby.

Answer 9

passive immunity

Question 10

What are the life span considerations for adults and older adults regarding their normal resistance to infection?

Answer 10

• thymus diminishs into middle age leading to a decline in cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity.
• the skin becomes thinner and drier losing it elasticity and fat and receives less circulation, leading to an increased susceptibility to injury and subsequent infection.
• they may have problems with urinary retention, possibly leading to bacterial growth in stagnant urine and decreased cleansing of the urethra by a brisk stream of urine.
• bedridden people may be incontinent, leading to excoriation of the skin in the perineal and sacral regions ans further contribute to infections.

Question 11

When normal flora causes disease it is called?

Answer 11

an opportunistic infection

Question 12

What is the difference between opportunistic infections and pathogenic infections?

Answer 12

Opportunistic infections are when normal flora is in the wrong place.
Pathogenic infections are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

Question 13

What are the factors that affect normal resistance to an infection in a compromised or suscepectible host from Chain of Infection?

Answer 13

• breaks in skin and mucous membranes
• invasive devices
• stasis of body fluids
• inadequate nutrition
• stress and hyperglycemia
• immune system dysfunction
• coexsisting medical problems
• drug therapy

Question 14

Breaks in skin and mucous membranes can?

Answer 14

predispose a person to infection.

Question 15

Any invasive device that enters the body provides a?

Answer 15

portal of entry for microorganisms, thus increasing the chance for infection.

Question 16

Stasis of body fluids can become stagnant secretions in the body that provide?

Answer 16

a warm, moist environment that fosters bacterial growth.

Question 17

Inadequate nurtition depresses?

Answer 17

almost every normal defense to infection.

Question 18

Stress causes the body to release cortisol, which can?

Answer 18

increase the risk of infection by suppressing the immune system. Cortisol increases the level of serum gloucose, providing a good medium for bacterial growth. (this causes hyperglycemia)

Question 19

Immune system dysfunction is when?

Answer 19

the ability to produce memory cells and antibodies is impaired. Ex: AIDS, cancer

Question 20

Coexisiting medical problems such as?

Answer 20

cancer can affect bone marrow production of leukocytes, increases the risk of infection.

Question 21

Drug therapy can cause

Answer 21

defects in the hosts response to infection. Ex: steroids, chemotherapy, antimetabolites, and inappropriate or prolonged use of antibiotics can increase the risk of infection.

Question 22

What is the introduction of microorganisms onto a body surface where they grow and multiply but do not invade the body or cause an immune response or symptoms?

Answer 22

Colonization

Question 23

What is an infection that may be _______ to a single body area, or it may disseminate to other organs in the body. When it spreads to other body systems, the infection is called _______.

Answer 23

local versus systemic

Question 24

An infection may be ______ or ______ depending on the severity and duration of the symptoms. _______ develops rapidly, causes symptoms, climaxes, and then fades away fairly quickly. A _______ infection on the other hang can linger: Symtoms usually develop more slowly, and convalescence may take months.

Answer 24

acute verses chronic
Actue
Chronic