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Semester 3: Gastrointestinal > Session 3 > Flashcards

Session 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the gut tube?

A
  • Mucosa (innermost)
  • Submucos
  • External muscle layer
  • Serosa (outer most)
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2
Q

What is the function of the epithelial layer of the mucosal layer?

A

Epithelia

  • Selectively permeable layer
  • Facilitate transport and digestion of food
  • Promote absorption
  • Produce hormones
  • Produce mucus
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3
Q

What is the function of the lamina propia of the mucosal layer?

A
  • Lots of lymphoid nodules and macrophages

- Produce antibodies

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4
Q

What is the function of the muscularis mucosa of the mucosal layer?

A

Lamina propria

  • Lots of lymphoid nodules and macrophages
  • Production of antibodies
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5
Q

What is the function of sub mucosal layer?

A
  • Contains dense connective tissue, blood vessels, glands, lymphoid tissue
  • Contains the submucosal plexus (Meissner’s)
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6
Q

What are the structures in the external muscle layers?

A

Inner circular muscle - Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus

Outer longitudinal muscle

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7
Q

What is the function of the serosa?

A
  • Blood and lymph vessels and adipose tissue

- Continuous with mesenteries

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8
Q

What are the types of epithelia found in the gut?

A
  • Stratified squamous in oesophagus and distal anus

- Simple columnar in stomach, small intestine, colon

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9
Q

What is an enterocyte?

A

A simple column cell that absorbs

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10
Q

What is the function of the enterocyte?

A
  • Needs to transport nutrients through the apical membrane and basolateral membrane to the blood vessels that lie immediately below it
  • Has microvilli to increase its surface area for absorption. (brush border)
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11
Q

What is the function of the goblet cells?

A
  • Produce mucus to protect the epithelia against pathogens

- Keeps some bacteria alive

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12
Q

What are the characteristics features of goblet cells?

A

Wide top and pushed down base which contains the nucleus.

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13
Q

What is the location of goblet cells?

A

Scattered between enterocytes in increasing numbers from the duodenum to colon

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14
Q

What is the function of mucus in the gut?

A

Protects the epithelia from

  • Friction (acts as a lubricant)
  • Chemical damage (acidic environment)
  • Bacterial inflammation (forms physical barrier)
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15
Q

What are gastric mucous cells and what do they do?

A

Foveolar cells line gastric mucosa and secrete mucous containing bicarbonate to form a barrier to stomach acid

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16
Q

What are the adaptations of the gut tube to incraease it surface area?

A

Non-flat internal surface

  • Permanenet folds
  • Villi
  • Microvilli
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17
Q

What is the purpose of the rugae?

A

Stomach needs to be easily expandable

18
Q

Where can villi be found?

A

In absorptive areas such as small intestine but not in the collon

19
Q

Where can crypts be found?

A

-In the small intestine

20
Q

What do the crypts contain?

A
  • Stem cells
  • Paneth cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
21
Q

What is the function of the stem cells in the crypts of intestine?

A

Replace the cells that are lost. in the epithelia every 2-4 days. If not then bowel perforation would occur

22
Q

What is the function of the paneth cells?

A

-Located at the base of the crypts and secrete antibacterial proteins to protect stem cells

23
Q

What are the functions of the enteroendocrine cells?

A

Secrete hormones that control the function of the gut

  • Gastrin
  • Cholecystokinin
  • Secretin
24
Q

What are glandular tissues?

A

Organised secretory cells that are connect to a duct. Can be

  • Acini
  • Tubular
25
Q

What are examples of glandular tissue in the gut?

A
  • Salivary glands
  • Pancreas
  • Brunners glands
26
Q

What are the typical secretions made from the glands in the gut?

A
  • Acini end to secrete serous secretions

- Tubules tend to secrete mucous

27
Q

What is ulceration?

A
  • Erosion through muscular mucosae

- Due to failure of protective mechanism such as mucus production

28
Q

What is coeliac disease?

A
  • An inability to tolerate gliadin (wheat protein)

- Damages the mucosa as a result leading to poor digestion and malabsorption

29
Q

What is the main region affected by the inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Affects crypts

30
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal wall from the most superficial?

A
  • Skin
  • Fascia/Fat (superficial and deep)
  • 3 X anterolateral muscles (external oblique,internal oblique, transverse abdominis, rectus abdominis)
  • Transversalis fascia
  • Peritoneum
31
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

Audible fold of peritoneum that attached viscera to the posterior abdominal wall

  • Jejenum
  • Ileum
  • Transverse colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
32
Q

What does the mesentery contain?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Lymph vessels
  • Nerves
  • Fat
33
Q

What is the peritoneal ligament?

A

A double fold of peritoneum that connect 2 viscera together or double fold of peritoneumm that connects ta viscera to the abdominal wall

  • Gastrocolic ligament connect stomach to transverse colon
  • Gastrosplenic ligament connects the spleen to stomach
  • Falciform ligament connects liver to anterior abdominal wall
  • Triangular ligament connect liver to diaphragm
34
Q

Where is the greater omenta?

A

Hangs down of the greater curve of the stomach

35
Q

What is the lesser omenta?

A

Connect lesser curve of stomach to liver

36
Q

What is the purpose of sphincters?

A
  • Divide tube into sections
  • Control movement along the tube
  • Preventn reflect of material
37
Q

What are some examples of the involuntary sphincters?

A 
Upper oesophageal
Lower oesophageal
Pyloric sphincter 
Ileo-caeecal
Internal Anal
38
Q

What is the voluntary sphincter?

A

-External anal spincter

39
Q

What is the blood supply to the gut?

A

Coeliac trunk - foregut
Superior mesenteric artery - midgut
Inferior mesenteric artery - hindgut

40
Q

What is the portal system?

A

All venous drainage from the gut goes to the liver via the portal vein. The liver acts as filter

Semester 3: Gastrointestinal (6 decks)

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