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Semester 3: Gastrointestinal > Session 4 > Flashcards

Session 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the composition of saliva?

A
  • Mostly water
  • Hypotonic
  • Rich in potassium and bicarbonate
  • Mucins which help with librication
  • Amylase which helps to digest carbohydrates
  • Lingual lipase
  • Immune proteins
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2
Q

How are the salivary glands regulated?

A
  • Primarily neural
  • Parasympathtic is the main driver
  • Sympathetic also stimulates secretion of small amounts of saliva but also causes vasoconstriction
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3
Q

How does the oral preparatory phase of swallowing occur?

A
  • Voluntary
  • Pushes bonus towards the pharynx
  • Once the bonus touches the pharyngeal wall, pharyngeal phase begins
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4
Q

How does the pharyngeal phase of swallowing occur?

A
  • Involuntary
  • Soft palate seals of the nasopharyngeal
  • Pharyngeal constrictors push bonus downwards
  • Larynx elevates, closing the epiglottis
  • Vocal cords addict and breathing temporarily ceases
  • Opening of the upper oesophageal sphincter
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5
Q

Outline the oesophageal phase of swallowing?

A
  • Involuntary
  • Closure of the upper oesaphagus sphincter
  • Peristaltic wave carries bolus downwards into oesophagus
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6
Q

What is the mechanism for the neural control of swallowing and gag reflex?

A

Mechanoreceptors > Glossopharyngeal nerve > Medulla > Vagus nerve > Pharyngeal constrictors

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7
Q

How is gastro-oesophageal reflux prevented?

A
  • Fucntional sphincter formed from smooth muscle of distal oesophagus
  • Diaphragm
  • Intra-abdominal oesophagus which gets compressed when intra-abdominal pressure rises
  • Mucosal rosette at cardia
  • Acute angle of entry of oesophagus
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8
Q

What is a hernia?

A

A protrusion of part of the abdominal contents beyond the normal confines of the abdominal wall

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9
Q

What are the parts of a hernia?

A

The sac
Contents of the sac
Coverings of the sac

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10
Q

What is the sac?

A

A pouch of peritoneum

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11
Q

What are the contents of the sac?

A

Any structure found within the abdominal cavity

Commonly
Loops of bowel
Omentum

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12
Q

What are the coverings of the sac?

A

Consist of the layers of the abdominal wall through which the hernia has passed

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13
Q

What are the common causes of abdominal hernia?

A

Weaknesses in the abdominal wall

  • Inguinal canal
  • Femoral canal
  • Umbilicus
  • Previous incision
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14
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

Oblique passage through lower part of the abdominal wall

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15
Q

What are the boundaries of the inguinal canal?

A

Roof - Internal oblique/transverse abdominus
Posterior wall - Transversalis fascia and conjoint tendon medially
Floor - Inguinal ligament and lacunar ligament(medially)
Anterior wall - Aponeurosis of external oblique

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16
Q

What is Hesselbach triangle?

A

Medial border - Lateral margin of the rectum sheath
Superolateral border - Inferior epigastric vessels
Inferior border - Inguinal ligament

17
Q

What is the clinical significance of hesselbach’s triangle?

A

Direct inguinal hernias pass through hesselsbach’s triangle

18
Q

Where does an indirect inguinal hernia pass through?

A
  • Deep inguinal ring

- The inguinal canal and the superficial inguinal ring

19
Q

Where can an indirect inguinal hernia descend depending on where processus vaginalis was obliterated?

A

It can descend into the scrotum

20
Q

What is the anatomical difference between the indirect inguinal hernia and the direct inguinal hernia?

A

Indirect inguinal hernia is lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

Direct inguinal hernia is medial to the inferior epigastric vessels

21
Q

Femoral hernia are more common in males. True/False

A

False. It is more common in female sure to the difference in pelvic anatomy. It can get easily stuck and strangulate

22
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

A congenital umbilical hernia.

-The contents of the abdominal cavity herniate into umbilical cord and they have peritoneal covering.

23
Q

What is acquired infantile umbilical hernia?

A

Contents of the abdominal cavity herniate through weakness in scar of umbilicus

24
Q

What is an acquired adult umbilical hernia?

A

Goes through linea alba in region of umbilicus

More common in female than males

25
Q

What is an epigastric hernia?

A
  • Occurs through Linea alba between Xiphoid process-Umbilicus
  • Usually starts with small hernia (extra-peritoneal fat poking through linea alba
  • Chronic straining forces more fat out which can eventually pull peritoneum through
26
Q

What are the symptoms of an epigastric hernia?

A 
Varied 
Based around what happens if loops of bowel get trapped. Could be 
-Pain
-Vomiting
-Sepsis

Semester 3: Gastrointestinal (6 decks)

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