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Urinary > Session 3 > Flashcards

Session 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 different types of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons

Juxtamedullary nephrons

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2
Q

What is the arrangement of capillaries around the cortical nephrons?

A

Randomly arranged

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3
Q

What is the arrangement of capillaries around the juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Vasa Recta (Made of descending and ascending branches)

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4
Q

Where is the Glomerulus always?

A

In the cortex of the Kidney regardless of which type of nephron it is

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5
Q

What substances are filtered from the blood in the Glomerulus?

A

H2O
Salts
Small molecules

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6
Q

What are the 3 layers that make the filtration barrier?

A

Capillary endothelium
Basement membrane
Podocyte layer

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7
Q

What is the capillary endothelium permeable to?

A

Water
Salts
Glucose
Filtrate moves between cells

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8
Q

What are the properties of the Basement membrane?

A

Acellular gelatinous layer of collagen/glycoproteins (Repel protein movement because they are negatively charged.)
Permeable to small proteins

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9
Q

What are the properties of the Podocyte layer?

A

Pseudopodia interdigitate forms filtration slits (So big molecules cannot fit through)

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10
Q

What are the 3 forces involved in plasma filtration?

A 
Hydrostatic pressure in the capillary (Favours filtration)
Hydrostatic pressure in the Bowman's capsule (Opposes filtration)
Osmotic pressure (Difference between the capillary & tubular lumen. Slight Oncotic pressure too. Opposes filtration)
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11
Q

Define tubular reabsorption

A

Solutes and H2O are removed from the tubular fluid and transported into the blood. (Reabsorption as these have already been absorbed once in GI tract)

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12
Q

Define tubuar secretion

A

Transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to renal tubular lumen. (Mainly caused by active transport.)
Usually a small amount are secreted and are either in excess or natural posions

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13
Q

Define Transcellular movement

A

The substance transports through the cell

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14
Q

Define Paracellular movement

A

The substance transports through the intracellular space (i.e. Parallel to the cell)

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15
Q

What is reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?

A

99% H2O
99.5% Na+
100% Glucose
50% Urea

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16
Q

What drives the unregulated reabsorption in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?

A

Osmotic and driven by Na+ uptake

17
Q

What are the Na+ transporters in the PCT?

A

Na/H antiporter

Na/Glucose symporter

18
Q

What are the Na+ transporters in the Loop of Henle?

A

Na/K/2Cl symporter

19
Q

What are the Na+ transporters in the early DCT?

A

Na/Cl Symporter

20
Q

What are the Na+ transporters in the later DCT & Collecting ducts?

A

Epithelial Na+ channels

21
Q

What does SGLUT do?

A

It is in the PCT and moves 2Na+/1 Glucose into the blood against the concentration gradient for Glucose

22
Q

What is the renal threshold for Glucose?

A

200mg/100ml

23
Q

How are molecules secreted into the PCT?

A

Passive carrier mediated diffusion across the Basolateral membrane down favourable concentration/electrical gradients created by the Na+/K+ pump

24
Q

Define filtration fraction

A

Proportion of substance that is actually filtered

FF = GFR/RPF

25
Q

How can GFR (Glomerular filtrate rate) give you an indication of how well the kidneys are working?

A

Measures the substance as its filtered so use a substance that is not reabsorbed or secreted as it passes through the kidney to get an indication of how well its working

26
Q

Define clearance rate

A

The volume of plasma from which any substance is completely removed by the kidney in a given amount of time
Clearance rate = (Urine conc of substance x urine flow rate) / plasma conc of substrate

27
Q

How is GFR autoregulated?

A

Myogenic response of the smooth muscle cells in the walls of the Afferent arteriole

28
Q

What is the myogenic response when blood pressure increases?

A

The afferent arteriole constricts

29
Q

What is the myogenic response when blood pressure decreases?

A

The afferent arteriole dilates

30
Q

What is TGF?

A

Tubular glomerular feedback

31
Q

How does TGF work?

A

A change in tubular flow rate as a result of changes in GFR cause a change in the concentration of NaCl that reaches the DCT

32
Q

What cells in the DCT detect changes in NaCl concentration?

A

The Macula densa cells (TGF response works via a concentration dependent salt uptake through NaK2Cl co transporters in the apical membrane of the MD cells)

33
Q

What is the response if NaCl is high?

A

Adenosine is released (Vasoconstriction occurs to drop GFR)

34
Q

What is the response if NaCl is low?

A

Prostaglandins released (Vasodilation occurs to increase GFR)

Urinary (14 decks)

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